Table 5. DID Estimates of Overall PBF Impacts on the Utilization of Maternal Health Services Compared to Status Quo in the Entire Population as Well as by Wealth Subgroups .

Outcome Variable	Full Sample		Wealth Subgroups
			Lowest 20%		Upper 80%
	Beta	Robust Standard Error	Beta	Robust Standard Error	Beta	Robust Standard Error
ANC 1st trimester	0.057	0.056	0.031	0.053	0.059	0.056
ANC4+a visits	-0.004	0.041	0.037	0.067	-0.022	0.037
TTV2+b	-0.027	0.063	0.026	0.054	-0.025	0.068
HIV testing in pregnancy	0.001	0.063	0.047	0.092	-0.011	0.060
Iron supplementation	0.012	0.019	0.015	0.034	0.009	0.017
Facility-based delivery	0.044*	0.022	0.022	0.038	0.055**	0.020
PNC1+c visit	0.030	0.064	-0.006	0.096	0.047	0.062
PNC3+d visits	0.066*	0.036	0.041	0.042	0.072*	0.038
Modern family planning methods	0.019	0.024	0.076*	0.040	0.011	0.025

Abbreviations: TTV, tetanus toxoid vaccine; PNC, postnatal care; DID, difference-in-differences; PBF, performance-based financing; ANC, antenatal care.

^aAt least 4 antenatal care; ^bAt least 2 tetanus doses during pregnancy; ^cAt least one postnatal care visit within 6 weeks; ^dAt least 3 postnatal care visits within 6 weeks.* P < .1, ** P < .05.