Table 1:
List of 33 cytokines included in the plasma and intestine Luminex assay analysis and their respective function.
| Protein | Function |
|---|---|
| TGF-β | Inflammation, pro-fibrotic, controls proliferation and cellular differentiation |
| TNF-α | Inflammatory cytokine-stimulates necroptosis |
| IL-1α | Pro-Inflammatory |
| IL-1β | Pro-Inflammatory |
| IL-2 | Natural response to microbial infections; regulates activities of white blood cells |
| IL-3 | Stimulates hematopoietic stem cells to become myeloid progenitor cells |
| IL-4 | Stimulation of activated B-cell and T-cell proliferation, and stimulates B cells into plasma cells |
| IL-5 | Stimulates B cell growth and increases immunoglobulin secretion |
| IL-6 | Pro-Inflammatory |
| IL-7 | Stimulates hematopoietic stem cell differentiation into lymploid progenitor cells |
| IL-9 | Stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis |
| IL-10 | Anti-Inflammatory |
| IL-12 (p40) | Stimulates growth and function of T cells and stimulates IFN-γ and TNF-α |
| IL-12 (p70) | Stimulates growth and function of T cells and stimulates IFN-γ and TNF-α |
| IL-13 | Mediator of allergic inflammation and induces MMPs |
| IL-15 | Induces proliferation of natural killer cells |
| IL-17 | Recruits monocytes and neutrophils to sites of inflammation |
| IP10 | Chemoattractant for monocytes/macrophages, T cells, NK cells and dendritic cells |
| KC | Attracts neutrophils |
| LIF | Stem cell differentiation |
| LIX | Cell migration and activation of neutrophils |
| MCP-1 | Recruits monocytes, T cells and dendritic cells to sites of inflammation |
| M-CSF | Induces hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages |
| MIG | T cell chemoattraction |
| MIP-1α | Recruitment and activation of granulocytes |
| MIP-1β | Chemoattractant for NK cells, monocytes and other immune cells |
| MIP-2 | Recruits neutrophils and lymphocytes in the intestine |
| RANTES | Recruits leukocytes into inflammatory sites |
| VEGF | Stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis |
| Eotaxin | Recruits eosinophils |
| GM-CSF | Stimulates hematopoietic stem cells to produce granulocyes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and monocytes |
| G-CSF | Stimulates hematopoietic stem cells to produce granulocytes |
| IFN-γ | Activator of macrophages and inducer of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule expression |