. 2022 Jul 14;40:158–166. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2022.07.016

Table 4.

Multigroup CFAs according to gender, age, and country.

	χ²	df	p	χ²/df	RMSEA (CI)	CFI	IFI	SRMR	Comparisons	∆RMSEA	∆CFI	∆SRMR
Measurement invariance according to gender
Configural invariance	1802.89	176	<.001	10.24	0.058 (0.056;0.060)	0.925	0.925	0.038	NA
Metric invariance	1920.27	204	<.001	9.41	0.055 (0.053;0.058)	0.921	0.921	0.048	Conf. Vs Metric	0.003	0.004	0.010
Scalar invariance	2392.59	220	<.001	10.87	0.060 (0.058;0.062)	0.926	0.927	0.072	Metric Vs Scalar	0.005	0.006	0.024
Error variance invariance	1797.35	192	<.001	9.35	0.055 (0.053;0.058)	0.923	0.923	0.040	Scalar Vs Error	0.005	0.003	0.032
Measurement invariance according to age
Configural invariance	1997.06	176	<.001	11.34	0.061 (0.059;0.063)	0.920	0.921	0.039	NA
Metric invariance	2154.94	204	<.001	10.56	0.059 (0.056;0.061)	0.915	0.915	0.045	Conf. Vs Metric	0.005	0.006	0.006
Scalar invariance	2585.25	220	<.001	11.75	0.059 (0.057; 0.062)	0.916	0.916	0.046	Metric Vs Scalar	0.000	0.001	0.001
Error variance invariance	2220.93	192	<.001	11.56	0.062 (0.059; 0.064)	0.912	0.912	0.043	Scalar Vs Error	0.003	0.004	0.003
Measurement invariance according to country
Configural invariance	1614.49	440	<.001	3.66	0.060 (0.057; 0.063)	0.920	0.921	0.048	NA
Metric invariance	1878.41	552	<.001	3.40	0.057 (0.054; 0.060)	0.910	0.910	0.063	Conf. Vs Metric	0.003	0.011	0.015
Scalar invariance	3631.68	616	<.001	5.89	0.062 (0.059; 0.064)	0.918	0.918	0.108	Metric Vs Scalar	0.005	0.005	0.045
Error variance invariance	1791.64	504	<.001	3.55	0.059 (0.056; 0.062)	0.916	0.917	0.052	Scalar Vs Error	0.003	0.002	0.056

Note. CFA = confirmatory factor analysis; χ² = Satorra-Bentler chi-square; df = degrees of freedom; p = general model significance; χ²/df = normed chi-square; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; CFI = comparative fit index; IFI = incremental fit index; SRMR = standardized root mean square residual; ∆ RMSEA = change in RMSEA compared with the previous model (expressed in absolute values); ∆ CFI = change in CFI compared with the previous model (expressed in absolute values); ∆ SRMR = change in SRMR compared with the previous model (expressed in absolute values).

The table shows the four levels tested of measuring invariance (configural, metric, scalar and error variance) to observe if model fit indices remain similar in participants of different gender, country or age group (adolescents aged 12–17 or young adults aged 18–25). For ease of comparison, the increase in the indexes is also showed.