Table 2.

List of some cytokines secreting by periodontal pathogens stimulation, the role of which in periodontitis and oral cancer and the signaling pathways involved in oral cancer.

Type of cytokine	Pathogens	Signaling pathway in oral cancer
IL-6	P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, A. actinomycetemcomitans (Yee et al., 2014; Cheng et al., 2016; Geng et al., 2019)	JAK-STAT3-SNAIL, MMP-1, MMP-9,TGF-β1, DNA hypomethylation, aberrant promoter hypermethylation (Sundelin et al., 2005; Gasche et al., 2011; Yadav et al., 2011)
IL-8	P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum (Yee et al., 2014; Casasanta et al., 2020)	MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-10, IL-8/CXCL1 (Khurram et al., 2014; Ha et al., 2015, 2016)
IL-1β	P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, T. forsythia, A. actinomycetemcomitans (Cheng et al., 2016)	IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1, NF-κB, EGFR (Lee et al., 2015a,b)
IL-17	P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans (Cheng et al., 2016)	IL-23/IL-17, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-αMCP-1, GRO-α, TGF-β, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6/STAT3 (Xu and Cao, 2010; Gu et al., 2011)
IL-23	P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans (Cheng et al., 2016)	IL-23/IL-17, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB (Caughron et al., 2018)
TNF-α	P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, A. actinomycetemcomitans (Cheng et al., 2016; Abdulkareem et al., 2018)	MMP-1, MMP-9, MiR-21, miR-450a (Sundelin et al., 2005; Qiu et al., 2018; Hsing et al., 2019)
TGF-β1	P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum (Abdulkareem et al., 2018)	VEGF, HIF-1α, MMP-9, IL-6 (Chen et al., 2012)
EGF	P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum (Abdulkareem et al., 2018)	Warburg effect, EGFR/PI3K/HIF-1α, CD206, miR-31, IMP-3, PI3K/AKT/WNT7A/β-catenin/MMP9 (Lu et al., 2014; Zhang and Jung, 2016; Xu et al., 2017; Haque et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2020)
CXCL1/ GRO-α	F. nucleatum (Yu et al., 2017)	IL-8/CXCL1, EGFR (Zhang et al., 2010; Zeng et al., 2013)