Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at baseline and at the end of follow-up in lifestyle, magnesium intake, morbidity and SPPB score, by sex
| Women (n = 439) | Men (n = 424) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 2017 | p valuea | 2012 | 2017 | p valuea | ||
| Age, year | 70.9 (5.36) | 75.6 (5.24) | N/A | 70.0 (5.38) | 74.8 (5.33) | N/A | |
| Primary education or less, n (%) | 254 (57.9) | – | N/A | 162 (38.2) | – | N/A | |
| Physical activity, METs-h/w | 18.8 (12.1) | – | N/A | 25.8 (17.0) | – | N/A | |
| TV-watching, h/d | 19.6 (10.9) | 20.4 (11.9) | 0.160 | 17.1 (9.66) | 19.3 (11.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 17 (3.87) | 16 (3.64) | 0.01 | 59 (13.9) | 43 (10.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 4.36 (8.34) | 3.66 (8.49) | 0.05 | 15.6 (16.6) | 14.1 (15.9) | 0.04 | |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1868 (387) | 1,692 (290) | < 0.001 | 2238 (460) | 2029 (363) | < 0.001 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.4 (4.89) | 27.4 (4.82) | < 0.001 | 28.5 (3.65) | 27.9 (3.63) | < 0.001 | |
| Mg intake, mg/d | 332 (114) | 300 (76.3) | < 0.001 | 360 (95.8) | 339 (77.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Mg intake compliance | |||||||
| EAR, n (%) | 310 (70.6) | 271 (64.7) | < 0.001 | 187 (44.1) | 156 (36.8) | < 0.001 | |
| RDA, n (%) | 187 (42.6) | 153 (34.9) | < 0.001 | 81 (19.1) | 61 (14.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Morbidity | |||||||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 56 (12.8) | 71 (16.2) | < 0.001 | 94 (22.2) | 109 (25.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 245 (55.8) | 275 (62.6) | < 0.001 | 240 (56.6) | 273 (64.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 231 (52.6) | 263 (59.9) | < 0.001 | 200 (47.1) | 223 (52.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Cardiovascularb, n (%) | 16 (3.64) | 32 (7.29) | < 0.001 | 25 (5.90) | 39 (9.20) | < 0.001 | |
| Cancer, n (%) | 7 (1.59) | 13 (2.96) | < 0.001 | 8 (1.89) | 27 (6.37) | < 0.001 | |
| Musculoskeletalc, n (%) | 256 (58.3) | 327 (74.5) | < 0.001 | 146 (34.4) | 207 (48.8) | < 0.001 | |
| SPPB, score | 8.46 (2.15) | 8.32 (2.72) | 0.23 | 9.31 (2.03) | 9.27 (2.45) | 0.72 | |
Note for continuous variables, mean value (standard deviation) is reported
SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery test, MET metabolic equivalent, TV Television, EAR estimated average requirement, RDA recommended dietary allowance
aPaired t-test for continuous variables and McNemar’s test for categorical variables were used for statistical comparison
bCardiovascular diseases include heart failure, heart attack and stroke
cMusculoskeletal diseases include arthritis, osteoarthritis and hip fracture