Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the four included cohort studies
| NLCS | RERF | VITAL | EPIC | Overall | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | % | No | % | No | % | No | % | No | % | |
| Country | The Netherlands | Japan | USA | Europe | ||||||
| Recruitment period | 1986–2003 | 1950–2000 | 2000–2008 | 1993–2006 | ||||||
| Food items (n) | 150 | 102 | 126 | 260 | ||||||
| Mean follow-up, years (± SD) | 14.06 (± 4.81) | 27.78 (± 12.74) | 6.74 (± 1.50) | 11.04 (± 2.81) | 11.20 (± 4.50) | |||||
| Subject status | ||||||||||
| Total | 5247 | 100 | 6582 | 100 | 69,489 | 100 | 451,609 | 100 | 532,927 | 100 |
| Cases | 877 | 16.71 | 42 | 0.64 | 346 | 0.50 | 1,650 | 0.37 | 2915 | 0.55 |
| Men | 734 | 83.69 | 32 | 76.19 | 269 | 77.75 | 1,154 | 69.94 | 2,189 | 75.09 |
| Women | 143 | 16.31 | 10 | 23.81 | 77 | 22.25 | 496 | 30.06 | 726 | 24.91 |
| Non-cases | 4370 | 83.29 | 6540 | 99.36 | 69,143 | 99.50 | 449,959 | 99.63 | 530,012 | 99.45 |
| Men | 2134 | 48.83 | 2475 | 37.84 | 33,470 | 48.41 | 131,503 | 29.23 | 169,582 | 32.00 |
| Women | 2236 | 51.17 | 4065 | 62.16 | 35,673 | 51.59 | 318,456 | 70.77 | 360,430 | 68.00 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Men | 2868 | 54.66 | 2507 | 38.09 | 33,739 | 48.55 | 132,657 | 29.37 | 171,771 | 32.23 |
| Women | 2379 | 45.34 | 4075 | 61.91 | 35,750 | 51.45 | 318,952 | 70.63 | 361,156 | 67.77 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| < 50 | ||||||||||
| Cases | 18 | 42.86 | 2 | 0.58 | 200 | 12.12 | 220 | 7.55 | ||
| Non-cases | 3703 | 56.62 | 1812 | 2.62 | 191,060 | 42.46 | 196,575 | 37.09 | ||
| 50–59 | ||||||||||
| Cases | 195 | 22.23 | 10 | 23.81 | 71 | 20.52 | 617 | 37.39 | 893 | 30.63 |
| Non-cases | 1355 | 31.01 | 1179 | 18.03 | 30,845 | 44.61 | 160,674 | 35.71 | 194,053 | 36.61 |
| 60–69 | ||||||||||
| Cases | 631 | 71.95 | 10 | 23.81 | 132 | 38.15 | 725 | 43.94 | 1498 | 51.39 |
| Non-cases | 2781 | 63.64 | 1198 | 18.32 | 23,862 | 34.51 | 88,032 | 19.56 | 115,873 | 21.86 |
| > = 70 | ||||||||||
| Cases | 51 | 5.82 | 4 | 9.52 | 141 | 40.75 | 108 | 6.55 | 304 | 10.43 |
| Non-cases | 234 | 5.35 | 460 | 7.03 | 12,624 | 18.26 | 10,193 | 2.27 | 23,511 | 4.44 |
| TNM stage | ||||||||||
| MIBC | 413 | 51.69 | 110 | 32.74 | 133 | 21.63 | 656 | 37.49 | ||
| Male | 333 | 80.63 | 91 | 82.73 | 98 | 73.68 | 522 | 79.57 | ||
| Female | 80 | 19.37 | 19 | 17.27 | 35 | 26.32 | 134 | 20.43 | ||
| NMIBC | 386 | 48.31 | 226 | 67.26 | 482 | 78.37 | 1094 | 62.51 | ||
| Male | 335 | 86.79 | 169 | 74.78 | 313 | 64.94 | 817 | 74.68 | ||
| Female | 51 | 13.21 | 57 | 25.22 | 169 | 35.06 | 277 | 25.32 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||
| Cases | ||||||||||
| Never | 117 | 13.34 | 7 | 16.67 | 85 | 24.57 | 349 | 21.15 | 558 | 19.14 |
| Current light | 63 | 7.18 | 164 | 9.94 | 227 | 7.79 | ||||
| Current heavy | 287 | 32.73 | 433 | 26.24 | 720 | 24.70 | ||||
| Current unknown | 36 | 4.10 | 28 | 66.67 | 53 | 15.32 | 92 | 5.58 | 209 | 7.17 |
| Former light | 127 | 14.48 | 127 | 4.36 | ||||||
| Former heavy | 224 | 25.54 | 224 | 7.68 | ||||||
| Former unknown | 23 | 2.62 | 7 | 16.67 | 208 | 60.12 | 612 | 37.09 | 850 | 29.16 |
| Non-cases | ||||||||||
| Never | 1581 | 36.18 | 3579 | 54.72 | 32,982 | 47.70 | 223,234 | 49.61 | 261,376 | 49.32 |
| Current light | 353 | 8.08 | 48,134 | 10.70 | 48,487 | 9.15 | ||||
| Current heavy | 765 | 17.51 | 43,435 | 9.65 | 44,200 | 8.34 | ||||
| Current unknown | 115 | 2.63 | 2580 | 39.45 | 5621 | 8.13 | 10,546 | 2.3 | 18,862 | 3.56 |
| Former light | 820 | 18.76 | 820 | 0.15 | ||||||
| Former heavy | 647 | 14.81 | 647 | 0.12 | ||||||
| Former unknown | 89 | 2.04 | 381 | 5.83 | 30,540 | 44.17 | 124,610 | 27.69 | 155,620 | 29.36 |
| Thiamine (B1)a | ||||||||||
| Mean (± SD) | ||||||||||
| Cases | 2.80 (± 0.63) | 0.12 (± 0.08) | 0.42 (±0.11) | 1.33 (± 0.45) | 1.65 (± 0.35) | |||||
| Non-cases | 2.65 (± 0.26) | 0.12 (± 0.01) | 0.40 (±0.01) | 1.10 (± 0.02) | 1.01 (± 0.01) | |||||
| t (p) | 2.40 (0.02) | 0.70 (0.48) | 1.87 (0.06) | 9.12 (< 0.001) | 34.11 (< 0.001) | |||||
| Riboflavin (B2) a | ||||||||||
| Mean (± SD) | 1.42 (± 0.09) | 3.63 (± 0.13) | ||||||||
| Cases | 9.17 (± 0.32) | 0.13 (± 0.01) | 0.56 (± 0.02) | 0.98 (± 0.003) | 0.97 (± 0.003) | |||||
| Non-cases | 8.60 (± 0.13) | 0.12 (± 0.001) | 0.53 (± 0.002) | 9.60 (< 0.001) | 68.32 (< 0.001) | |||||
| t (p) | 1.71 (0.09) | 0.45 (0.65) | 1.21 (0.23) | |||||||
| Niacin (B3) a | ||||||||||
| Mean (± SD) | ||||||||||
| Cases | 22.23 (± 0.29) | 0.73 (± 0.06) | 6.87 (±0.18) | 16.45 (±0.64) | 16.83 (±0.38) | |||||
| Non-cases | 20.89 (± 0.12) | 0.71 (± 0.01) | 6.54 (±0.01) | 13.05 (±0.02) | 12.11 (±0.02) | |||||
| t (p) | 4.41 (< 0.001) | 0.33 (0.74) | 1.86 (0.06) | 9.98 (<0.001) | 19.38 (<0.001) | |||||
| Pyridoxine (B6) a | ||||||||||
| Mean (± SD) | ||||||||||
| Cases | 2.73 (± 0.07) | 0.04 (± 0.003) | 0.61 (± 0.02) | 2.04 (± 0.09) | 2.05 (± 0.06) | |||||
| Non-cases | 2.60 (± 0.03) | 0.03 (± 0.00002) | 0.65 (± 0.001) | 1.66 (± 0.003) | 1.51 (± 0.003) | |||||
| t (p) | 1.96 (0.05) | 1.19 (0.23) | − 2.02 (0.04) | 7.58 (< 0.001) | 14.96 (< 0.001) | |||||
| Folate (B9) b | ||||||||||
| Mean (± SD) | ||||||||||
| Cases | 512.85 (± 7.73) | 97.55 (± 2.70) | 199.39 (± 2.87) | 282.81 (± 4.10) | ||||||
| Non-cases | 488.49 (± 3.29) | 97.54 (± 0.20) | 196.18 (± 0.15) | 185.59 (± 0.15) | ||||||
| t (p) | 3.00 (0.003) | 0.005 (1.00) | 1.29 (0.20) | 48.27 (< 0.001) | ||||||
| Cyanocobalamin (B12)b | ||||||||||
| Mean (± SD) | ||||||||||
| Cases | 9.64 (± 0.44) | 0.03 (± 0.003) | 3.92 (± 0.20) | 3.10 (± 0.09) | 5.12 (± 0.15) | |||||
| Non-cases | 9.67 (± 0.18) | 0.03 (± 0.0003) | 4.26 (± 0.01) | 5.32 (± 0.01) | 5.15 (± 0.01) | |||||
| t (p) | − 0.06 (0.95) | 0.14 (0.89) | − 1.68 (0.09) | − 14.10 (< 0.001) | − 0.28 (0.78) | |||||
NLCS Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer, RERF the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, VITAL the VITamins And Lifestyle study, EPIC European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition, TNM Classification of Malignant tumors, SD standard deviation
aNutrient values measured per day in milligrams
bNutrient values measured per day in micrograms