Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics
| Total sample, n = 293 | Schizophrenia-spectrum, n = 123 | Bipolar-spectrum, n = 170 | Statistics | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Age (years) | 30.1 (9.9) | 29.7 (8.9) | 31 (10.5) | t = − 1.092, df = 284 | 0.276 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 157 (53.0) | 53 (43.1) | 101 (59.4) | X2 = 7.625, df = 2 |
0.006 BD > SZ |
| SFS interpersonal | 223.4 (25.9) | 217.1 (27.4) | 227.9 (24.1) | t = − 3.586, df = 291 |
0.000 BD > SZ |
| Duration of illness, yearsa | 8.6 (9.0) | 4.9 (6.6) | 11.2 (9.5) |
t = − 6.675, df = 288 |
0.000 BD > SZ |
| IQ (WASI)b | 108 (13.4) | 104 (14.8) | 110.9 (11.5) |
t = − 4.277, df = 204 |
0.000 BD > SZ |
| Total number of illness episodes | 9.4 (16.2) | 3.9 (4.8) | 13.4 (19.9) |
t = − 5.981, df = 196 |
0.000 BD > SZ |
| Onset of illness ≤ 18 years, n (%) | 123 (42.0) | 25 (20.3) | 98 (57.6) |
X2 = 40.813, df = 1 |
0.000 BD > SZ |
| Duration of untreated illness, weeksc | 47 (145.3) | 75 (173.3) | 22 (109.5) |
t = 2.764, df = 226 |
0.008 SZ > BD |
| Premorbid social functioning (PAS)d | 1.9 (2.3) | 2.1 (2.4) | 1.8 (2.3) |
t = 1.196, df = 286 |
0.233 |
| Psychosis lifetime, n (%) | 214 (72.1) | 123 (100) | 88 (52) |
X2 = 82.386, df = 1 |
0.000 SZ > BD |
| PANSS—total | 47.8 (13.3) | 55.4 (15.1) | 42.3 (8.3) |
t = 8.702, df = 175 |
0.000 SZ > BD |
| PANSS—Positive | 10.4 (3.9) | 12.6 (4.4) | 8.9 (2.5) |
t = 8.488, df = 178 |
0.000 SZ > BD |
| PANSS—Negative | 11.2 (4.8) | 14.0 (5.7) | 9.2 (2.5) |
t = 8.797, df = 157 |
0.000 SZ > BD |
| Depression (PANSS item G6) | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.5 (1.4) |
t = − 1.448, df = 291 |
0.149 |
| Anxiety (PANSS item G2) | 2.8 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.4) |
t = − 1.688, df = 291 |
0.092 |
| YMRS—totale | 2.6 (3.6) | 2.7 (3.6) | 2.5 (4.1) |
t = .490, df = 288 |
0.624 |
| AUDITf | 6.8 (6.0) | 5.2 (4.9) | 8.1 (6.5) |
t = − 4.116, df = 282 |
0.000 BD > SZ |
| DUDITg | 3.2 (6.6) | 3.2 (7.1) | 3.2 (6.4) |
t = − .068, df = 281 |
0.946 |
| ALS-SF—total | 1.2 (0.71) | 1.1 (0.65) | 1.3 (0.73) |
t = − 1.890, df = 291 |
0.060 |
| ALS-SF anxiety-depression | 1.4 (0.87) | 1.3 (0.83) | 1.5 (0.90) |
t = − 1.168, df = 291 |
0.244 |
| ALS-SF depression-elation | 1.4 (0.74) | 1.3 (0.71) | 1.4 (0.76) |
t = − 1.453, df = 291 |
0.147 |
| ALS-SF anger | 0.80 (0.78) | 0.67 (0.75) | 0.90 (0.80) |
t = − 2.559, df = 291 |
0.011 |
SFS Social Functioning Scale, WASI Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, PAS Premorbid Adjustment Scale, PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale, AUDIT The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, DUDIT Drug Use Disorders Identification Test, ALS-SF Affective Lability Scale Short Form
Statistically significant p values are in bold
a99% (n = 290) participants had data on duration of illness
b93% (n = 273) participants had data on IQ
c78% (n = 228) had data on duration of untreated illness
d98.2% (n = 288) participants had data on PAS
e99% (n = 290) participants had data on YMRS
f96.9% (n = 284) participants had data on AUDIT
g96.6% (n = 283) participants had data on DUDIT