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. 2022 Jul 13;12:11868. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16089-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Failed examples caused by decreased vessel density in DeepDRiD dataset. Top row shows 4 pathological images with sufficient image quality and the second row displays corresponding vessel segmentation images predicted by our retinal vessel segmentation model. Misclassification is owing to the presence of only a few visible vessels within the FOV. The file names of color images are (a) “51_r1”, (b) “309_l2”, (c) “67_r2” and (d) “265_r1”.