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. 2022 Jul 13;12:11876. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15293-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Memory B and plasma cell niches in synovial tissue at the time of diagnosis. (A) The memory cell markers are either shared with the naïve cells, such as CR2 encoding CD21 or FCER2 encoding CD23, or they are shared with the plasma cells, such TACI encoded by TNFRSF13B. (B) We determined correlation between the predicted location score of memory B cells (SC-B2) and the other clusters in the spatial data¹⁷. (C) The spatial distribution of memory B cells (SC-B2) and CCR7 + T cells (SC-T1) show a dispersed but correlating pattern. (D) We find expression of genes in plasma cells that are important for matrix interaction such as ICAM2 and ITGA6 encoding CD49f. We also find expression of CXCR4 and of BCMA encoded by TNFRSF17, which are important for the plasma cell niches. (E) We determined correlation between the predicted location score of plasma cells (SC-B4) and the other clusters in the spatial data¹⁷. (F) Plasma cells are confined and adjacent to the lymphocyte infiltrates. (G) We find overlap between the designated and the predicted plasma cell cluster. (H) Additionally, we find high CXCL12 expression in the plasma cell areas suggesting a niche in the inflamed tissue.