FIGURE 1.

Primary sequence of HMGB1 and its posttranslational modification sites. Human HMGB1 consists of 215 amino acids, which comprises A‐box (red solid box), B‐box (blue solid box) and acidic tail (red background). HMGB1 is phosphorylation at Ser39, Ser53 and Ser181. HMGB1 is N‐glycosylated at Asn37, Asn134 and Asn135. Redox sensitivity and disulfide linkages that may occur at amino acid positions of Cys23, Cys45 and Cys106 in HMGB‐1 require additional evaluation, as indicated by ‘?’. HMGB1 is hyperacetylated at multiple sites of lysine in two nuclear localization sequences (NLS). Green colour indicates acetylation sites, red colour indicates phosphorylation sites, blue colour indicates glycosylated sites, and purple colour indicates disulfide bound sites. Yellow background indicates oxidized and reduced sites. Question marks indicate site modifications needed re‐evaluation. Dashed boxes indicate the NLS domains