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. 2022 Jun 30;13:863056. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863056

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Copyright © 2022 Li, Liu, Chen, Wu, Zou, Gao, Wang, Zhou, Qi, Zhang, He, Qi, Yan, Dou, Tong, Zhang, Han and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Procedure of rtfMRI-NF training experiment. The experimental protocol consisted of six visits, lasting for ~6 weeks. During the third, fourth, and fifth visits, each rtfMRI-NF training session included eight runs, lasting for ~50 min. (B) Schematic of amygdala-based rtfMRI-NF loop for patients with CID. Typically, brain images were acquired using the MR scanner online and analyzed using the OpenNFT software in real time. Then, the signal of amygdala activity was provided as feedback to patients with CID for neural self-regulation. rtfMRI-NF, real-time fMRI neurofeedback; PSG, polysomnography; CID, chronic insomnia disorder.