Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Sample (n = 408/735) of the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study (GPES) Stratified by Study Groups
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | Group 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational Age | GA ≥ 37 | GA 33–36 | GA 29–32 | GA ≤ 28 | GA ≤ 32 | GA ≤ 32 |
| No ROP | No ROP | No ROP | ROP Without Treatment | ROP With Treatment | ||
| Participants (n)/eyes (n) | 132/241 | 134/250 | 79/144 | 16/29 | 38/57 | 9/14 |
| Sex, girls (%) | 76 (57.6%) | 80 (59.7%) | 40 (50.6%) | 8 (50.0%) | 21 (55.3%) | 4 (44.4%) |
| Age, y | 29.5 ± 9.1 | 29.4 ± 9.2 | 27.8 ± 7.9 | 23.9 ± 7.7 | 24.0 ± 4.0 | 26.0 ± 4.6 |
| Birth weight, g | 3422 ± 397 | 2079 ± 462 | 1556 ± 319 | 949 ± 184 | 1066 ± 384 | 814 ± 198 |
| Birth weight < 1500 g (yes) | 0 (0%) | 12 (9.0%) | 32 (40.5%) | 16 (100%) | 33 (86.8%) | 9 (100%) |
| Birth weight < 1000 g (yes) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (6.3%) | 9 (56.3%) | 17 (44.7%) | 7 (77.8%) |
| Birth weight percentile | 48.5 ± 21.7 | 25.6 ± 24.3 | 44.9 ± 24.1 | 47.4 ± 22.6 | 38.3 ± 27.9 | 30.9 ± 26.1 |
| Gestational age (wk) | 39.3 ± 1.3 | 34.3 ± 1.0 | 30.7 ± 1.2 | 26.5 ± 1.6 | 28.0 ± 2.1 | 26.6 ± 2.2 |
| (Min–max) | (37–43) | (33–36) | (29–32) | (23–28) | (24–32) | (24–29) |
| ROP stage (1/2/3) | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 27/28/2 | 0/3/11 |
| Perinatal adverse events (yes)a | 1 (0.8%) | 3 (2.2%) | 3 (3.8%) | 2 (12.5%) | 11 (28.9%) | 7 (77.8%) |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage (yes)b | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (11.1%) |
| Bronchopulmonary dyplasy (yes)c | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (23.7%) | 3 (33.3%) |
| Necrotizing entercolitis (yes)d | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.2%) | 1 (1.3%) | 2 (12.5%) | 3 (7.9%) | 5 (55.6%) |
| Preeclampsia (yes) | 11 (8.3%) | 24 (17.9%) | 9 (11.4%) | 3 (18.8%) | 7 (18.4%) | 2 (22.2%) |
| Placental insufficiency (yes) | 2 (1.5%) | 16 (11.9%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| HELLP syndrome | 0 (0%) | 6 (4.5%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Maternal smoking (yes)e | 6 (4.5%) | 8 (6.0%) | 7 (8.9%) | 1 (6.3%) | 4 (10.5%) | 1 (11.1%) |
| Gestational diabetes (yes) | 1 (0.8%) | 7 (5.2%) | 1 (1.3%) | 1 (6.3%) | 1 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) |
| Breastfeeding (yes) | 74 (56.1%) | 73 (54.5%) | 40 (50.6%) | 8 (50.0%) | 17 (44.7%) | 4 (44.4%) |
| Ocular parameters | ||||||
| Visual acuity (logMAR) OD | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.2) |
| Visual acuity (logMAR) OS | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.2 (0.0; 0.5) |
| Spherical equivalent (diopter) OD | −0.93 ± 2.14 | −1.11 ± 1.91 | −0.65 ± 2.30 | 0.01 ± 1.48 | −1.13 ± 2.07 | −1.48 ± 3.47 |
| Spherical equivalent (diopter) OS | −1.29 ± 2.01 | −0.41 ± 2.53 | −0.65 ± 1.31 | −1.47 ± 4.68 | −0.60 ± 1.84 | 2.64 ± 4.6 |
| Axial length (mm) OD | 23.7 ± 1.2 | 23.7 ± 1.1 | 23.4 ± 1.0 | 23.0 ± 1.0 | 23.1 ± 1.2 | 22.2 ± 2.0 |
| Axial length (mm) OS | 23.7 ± 1.3 | 23.5 ± 1.1 | 23.5 ± 1.0 | 23.3 ± 1.2 | 23.4 ± 1.0 | 20.8 ± 1.1 |
| Intraocular pressure (mm Hg) OD | 15.3 ± 2.8 | 14.6 ± 3.0 | 14.8 ± 3.1 | 17.0 ± 3.7 | 15.3 ± 4.4 | 17.0 ± 3.3 |
| Intraocular pressure (mm Hg) OS | 16.0 ± 2.6 | 14.2 ± 2.9 | 16.3 ± 3.7 | 12.7 ± 0.6 | 15.6 ± 4.1 | 17.2 ± 4.4 |
G, gram; mm, millimeter; GA, gestational age; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; y, years; n, number; OD, right eye; OS, left eye; HELLP syndrome, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets.
aPerinatal adverse events were defined as the occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage, b(at least grade 3 or parenchymal hemorrhage), cand/or the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis and/or, dmoderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, eMaternal smoking during pregnancy.