TABLE 2.

The main EAT-secreted mediators and their contribution to arrhythmogenesis.

Mediators	Action
IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8	Local pro-inflammatory status Atrial remodeling: collagen deposition and fibrosis Ion Channel Modulation
Activin A, MCP-1, TGF-β MMP2, MMP9, PDGF	Atrial remodeling: collagen deposition and fibrosis Altered atrial conduction
ROS	Ion Channel Modulation Vascular and cardiac endothelial cells dysfunction
Aromatase	Increased local cardiac estrogen synthesis Influence on electromechanical properties and myocyte viability signaling
Catecholamines	Increased sympathetic tone Sympatho-vagal imbalance

EAT, epicardial adipose tissue; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; TGF, transforming growth factor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species.