Table 1.
Summary of animal models’ studies of using probiotics.
| Reference | Type of treatment | Model | Dose | Intake | Duration | Parameters analyzed | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. 2020 | Bifidobacterium breve CCFM683 | C57BL/6J mice | 0.2 mL (106 cfu/day CCFM683, 107 cfu/day CCFM683, 108 cfu/day CCFM683, 109 cfu/day CCFM683, 1010 cfu/day CCFM683) |
Once daily | 2 weeks | weight loss, stool consistency and fecal blood | Effective (Improved intestinal epithelial barriers, protecting the intestinal mucus layer, restoring gut microbiota, and downregulating the inflammatory cytokines) |
| Chen et al. 2020 | Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis with (quadruple probiotics, P-qua) or without (triple probiotics, P-tri) aerobic Bacillus cereus | C57BL/6 mice | B. infantis, L. acidophilus, and E. faecalis (1.5 × 109 CFU respectively) in 200ul PBS and B. cereus (0.5 × 108 CFU) in 200ul | Once-daily | 3 cycles (45 days) | Intestinal inflammation and functions of multiple barriers, including the mucus barrier, epithelial barrier, and endothelial barrier known as a gut-vascular barrier (GVB) | Effective (Aerobe-contained P-qua was a powerful adjuvant therapy for chronic colitis, via restoring the intestinal microflora and recovering the multi-barriers in the inflamed gut) |
| Kim et al. 2020 | Lactobacillus plantarum CBT LP3 (KCTC 10782BP) | male C57BL/6 mice | 1 × 108 bacteria in 0.1 mL PBS | Once-daily | 16 days | Disease activity index (DAI), analysis of macrophages and T cell subsets gene expression and cytokine profiles | Effective (showed anti-inflammatory effects, with increased induction of regulatory T cells and type 2 helper T cells in splenocytes and restoration of goblet cells accompanied by suppression of proinflammatory cytokine expressions |
| Komaki et al. 2020 | Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactic JCM5805 | Mice |
1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg | Once daily | 1 week | The survival rate, length, histopathological parameters of the colon, and concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in serum | Effective (High-dose administration of L. lactis deteriorates intestinal inflammation) |
| Liu et al. 2020 | Clostridium butyricum | male C57BL/6 mice | 2 × 108 CFU bacteria in 200ul physiological saline | 3 times per week | 30 days | Detect severity of colitis, tumorigenesis, and cytokines including TNF-a, IL-6, and Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) | Effective (Regulate structure and composition of gut microbiota) |
| Sanders et al. 2020 | Weissella paramesenteroides WpK4 | C57BL/6J female mice | Approximately 108 CFU | Once-daily | 10 days | Acute colitis assay, intestinal permeability, histological analysis, assessment of social, anxiety, depressive-like behaviors, cytokines, and inducible nitric oxide synthase | Effective (Promoted the epithelial barrier, reducing gut leakage) |
| Silveira et al. 2020 | Lactobacillus bulgaricus | C57BL/6 mice | 1 × 109 CFU were diluted in 200 μL of PBS | 3times per week | 12 weeks | Intestinal inflammation, cytokines levels were determined from colon and/or tumor | Effective (Regulates the inflammatory response and preventing Colitis-associated cancer, CAC) |
| Xia et al. 2020 | Lactobacillus plantarum AR113 | male C57BL/6J | 1 × 109 CFU | Once-daily | 2 weeks | Disease activity index (DAI) scores, colon morphology, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, microbiota, and gene expression analysis | Effective (mitigate dysbiosis of gut microbiota) |
| Rodríguez-Nogales et al. 2018 | Saccharomyces boulardii | Male C57BL/6 J mice | 5 × 109 CFU in 200 μL PBS | Once daily | 26 days | Disease Activity Index (DAI), expression of inflammatory markers, micro-RNAs, and microbiota populations | Effective (showed intestinal anti-inflammatory effects) |
| Souza et al. 2016 | Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) | female BALB/c mice |
0.1 mL (9.0 log10 c.f.u. EcN ml − 1) | Once-daily | 10 days | Animal body weight, feces consistency, presence of blood in feces, histology, measurement of myeloperoxidase (MP0), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and cytokine levels (KC/CXCL-1, eotaxin/CCL11, and IL-1β) in the intestinal tissue | Effective (reduced inflammation) |
| Thakur et al. 2016 | Lactobacillus casei Lbs2 | Balb/c mice | 1 × 109 CFU | Once-daily | 2 weeks | Macroscopic and microscopic inflammation scoring, Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and In-vitro T-cells suppression assay | Effective (suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-6) secretion) |
| Lim et al. 2016 | Bifidobacterium longum CH57 and Lactobacillus brevis CH23 | Male C57BL/6 | 2 × 109 CFU/0.2 mL | Once-daily | 3 days | Histological examination, an assay of myeloperoxidase activity and determine Th17 and Treg cells in the lamina propria of colons | Effective (probiotic mixture inhibiting macrophage activation and restoring Th17/Treg balance) |
| Oliva et al. 2012 | L. reuteri ATCC 55,730 | Balb/c mice | Enema solution, 1010 CFU | – | 8 weeks | Clinical endoscopic and histological scores as well as rectal mucosal expression levels of IL-10, IL-1b, TNFa and IL-8 |
Effective (improving mucosal inflammation and changing mucosal expression levels of some cytokines) |