Table 2.
Summary of randomized clinical intervention of probiotics in patients with IBD.
| References | Treatment & Composition | Dose | Intake | Duration | Parameters analyzed | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altun et al. 2019 | Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus Plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium long, and fructooligosaccharide | six probiotic strains (3x109 CFU) and fructooligosaccharide (225 mg/ tablet) | 1 tablet for twice a day |
8 weeks | Hemoglobin, leukocyte, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, sedimentation, and C-reactive protein (CRP) values, clinical and endoscopic activity indices | Effective |
| van der Waal et al. 2019 | Nine bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium bifidum W23; Bifidobacterium lactis W51; Bifidobacterium lactis W52; Lactobacillus acidophilus W22; Lactobacillus casei W56; Lactobacillus paracasei W20; Lactobacillus plantarum W62; Lactobacillus salivarius W24; Lactobacillus lactis W19) | 7.5 × 10^9 CFU per 3 g in powder form | Once-daily | 6 weeks | Quality of life from a patient perspective (semi-structured interviews) | Effective |
| Matsuoka et al. 2018 | Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult and Lactobacillus acidophilus | 10 billion bacteria of Bifidobacterium breve and 1 billion bacteria of Lactobacillus acidophilus | One pack per day | 48 weeks | Clinical procedure (change in abdominal symptom score from baseline, Sutherland DAI subscore, change in abdominal symptom scores (passage of flatus and bloating), and intestinal microbiota | Less significant effect |
| Sun et al. 2018 | Clostridium butyricum | 420 mg per capsule, 1.5 × 107 CFU /g | 3 capsules 3 times a day | 4 weeks | Change from baseline in IBD symptoms, quality of life, stool consistency, and frequency | Effective |
| Pilarczyk-Żurek et al. 2017 | Lactobacillus plantarum PL02, Lactobacillus rhamnosus KL 53A, and Bifidobacterium longum PL03 | one sachet, mixture of three viable strains, with a total of ≥ 1 × 108 CFU | once a day | 2 months | colonoscopy, including colon biopsies for histopathology and microbiology, collection of a stool sample for microbiology as at the initial visit | Effective |
| Palumbo et al. 2016 | Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum strain BGN4 | Not mentioned | Two | 24 months | stool frequency, endoscopy, rectal bleeding | Effective |
| Fedorak et al. 2015 | VSL#3 (900 billion viable bacteria, comprising 4 strains of Lactobacillus, 3 strains of Bifidobacterium, and 1 strain of Streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermophilus) | One sachet (3 g) | Twice daily | One year | Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI), inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire, and mucosal cytokine measurements | No significant effect (no statistical differences) |
| Shadnoush et al. 2015 | Yogurt (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12) | 106 CFU g/yogurt | 250 g yogurt per day | 8 weeks | Stool specimens measured by Taqman real-time PCR method. | Improve intestinal function by increasing probiotic bacteria |
| Tamaki et al. 2016 | Bifidobacterium longum 536 | One sachet, 2–3 × 1011 freeze‐dried viable BB536 | 1 for three times/day | 8 weeks | Primary endpoints & secondary endpoints | Effective |
| Yasuda et al. 2016 | Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI | 20 mg of CBM, | 3 for three times/day | 24 months | Endoscopic examination, blood tests, fecal microbiota, | Effective with minimal side effects |
| Yoshimatsu et al. 2015 | Bio-Three [Streptococcus faecalis + Clostridium faecalis and Bacillus mesentricus] | 2 mg of lactogen (Streptococcus faecalis T-110), 10 mg of Clostridium butyricum TO-A, and 10 mg of Bacillus mesenteric TO-A | 3 tablets 3 time/daily | 12 months | Analysis of intestinal microflora, HPLC analysis of fecal organic acids | Effective |
| Petersen et al. 2014 | EcN, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | 100 mg EcN | 1 tablet for 4 days then 2 d | 7 weeks | clinical activity index (CAI)-score, blood, and stool samples for future analysis | Less significant effect |
| Bourreille et al. 2013 | Saccharomyces boulardii (yeast) | 1 g/day | Once-daily | 52 weeks | CDAI scores, full blood counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) | No effect |
| Yoon et al. 2014 | LacClean Gold-S® (Cell Biotech, Co. Ltd., Gimpo, Korea) | 500 mg/capsule (5 × 109 viable cells) |
One capsule daily | 4 weeks | The intensity of abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating, stool frequency/consistency, alterations in fecal microflora | Significant (increased significantly in the probiotics groups) |
|
Wildt et al. 2011 |
Probio-Tec AB-25, Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 | One capsule, 2.5 × 1010 CFU | 3 times/ day | 52 weeks | Quantification of LA-5 and BB-12 in feces by qPCR | Less significant effect |
| Ng et al. 2010 | VSL#3 | One sachet contains 900 billion viable lyophilized bacteria | 2 sachets twice per day | 8 weeks | Rectal biopsies, Myeloid colonic DC, surface expression of activation markers | Effective |
| Tursi et al. 2010 | VSL#3 | One sachet contains 900 billion viable lyophilized bacteria | 2 sachets twice per day | 8 weeks | Endoscopic examination, bowel frequency, rectal bleeding, physician's rating of severity | Effective |
| Matthes et al. 2010 | Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) | 40-, 20-, or 10-ml enemas containing 10^8 EcN/ml | Once-daily | 8 weeks | Clinical DAI (stool frequency, rectal bleeding, assessment of disease activity by physician) | Effective |
|
D’Incà et al. 2011 |
Lactobacillus casei DG | 8 × 108 CFU | Twice daily | 8 weeks | Biopsies from sigmoid region to culture mucosal-associated microbes and to assess cytokine and TLR messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | Effective |