Table 3.

Summary of animal models’ studies of using prebiotics.

Reference	Type of treatment	Composition	Model	Dose	Intake	Duration	Parameters analyzed	Conclusion
Cui et al. 2021	Polysaccharide from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, SP2-1	Mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, xylose, arabinose, fucose Colitis inducer: 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)	C57BL/6J mice	50 and 200 mg/kg	Once-daily	10 days	r body weight, loose stools, morbidity, and hematochezia. The disease activity index (DA Evaluated body weight, loose stools, morbidity, hematochezia, and the disease activity index	Effective (attenuated body weight loss, reduced DAI, ameliorated colonic pathological damage, and decreased MPO activity)
Kanwal et al. 2020	Dictyophora indusiate polysaccharide (DIP)	Glucose 59.84%, mannose 23.55%, and galactose 12.95% Colitis inducer: dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)		low dose 10 mg/kg and (high dose 33 mg/kg	Once-daily	2 weeks	Assessment of disease activity index, histological, analysis of goblet cells and mucus layer thickness, cytokines by ELISA and Immunoblotting assay	Effective
Sakena et al. 2020	Gracilaria fisheri oligosaccharides (GFO)	monosaccharide composition in the GFO was D-galactose. Colitis inducer: acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis mice		100, 500, or 1000 mg/kg	Once-daily	2 weeks	Gastrointestinal (GI) transit time, ex vivo propulsive motility, in vitro colonic smooth muscle contractility, the composition of colonic microbiota, and production of SCFAs	Effective (prevent and attenuate colitis symptoms and GI dysmotility & reducing populations of harmful bacteria and increasing SCFAs
Li et al. 2020	Freeze-dried muscadine grapes (FMG) or dealcoholized muscadine wine (DMW)	FMG: Fructose 34.7 %Glucose 31 %, sucrose 9.9% DMW: Fructose, sucrose, and glucose not detected Colitis inducer: 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)	C57BL/6J mice	FMG (7%, w/w) or DMW (5.5%, v/w)	NM	3 weeks	Bodyweight, stool consistency and bleeding, Disease activity index (DAI), short-chain fatty acids in feces, and Mucin 2 and IgA in feces	Effective (Reduced dysbiosis in the colon.)
Li et al. 2020	CYP-1 (Chinese yam polysaccharide)	CYP-1, mannoglucan of 1,4-α-linked Glcp branched at O-2, O-3, and O-6 position by t-α-linked Map Colitis inducer: dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)		300 mg/kg body weight	Once-daily	1 week	Histological, measurement of cytokines, gut microbiota analysis, and colonic transcriptomic	Effective
Liu et al. 2020	α-D-glucan from marine fungus Phoma herbarum YS4108	Polysaccharide with backbone possessed most likely a linear α-(1 → 4) bonded glucopyranose main chain co-bearing through side α-(1 → 6)	Male C57BL/6 mice	40 mg/kg/day	Once-daily	1 week	Disease activity index (DAI) scores, histology immunohistochemistry analysis, evaluation of SOD and MDA activities, and determinations of inflammatory cytokines	Effective (significantly increased butyrate, isovaleric acid levels, and prominent alterations on specific microbiota)
Gou et al. 2019	WPSPP-1	Glucose and mannose in the molar ratio of 20.44:1.00		400 mg/kg body weight	NM	4 weeks	Histological, gut microbiota, and biochemical analysis	Effective
Xie et al. 2019	Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP)	β-glucan (>90%) that contained a 1,6-linked β-D-Glcp backbone	male Wistar rats	NM	NM	3 weeks	Determination of the disease activity index, body weight, short-chain fatty acids in cecal samples,	Effective (immunity enhancement, inflammatory response alleviation & colon cancer risk reduction)
Zha et al. 2020	xylan butyrate ester, Xylo	xylose, arabinose, and glucose at a ratio of 1:5:1	C57BL/6 mice	50 and 200 mg/kg	NM	2 weeks	body weights, feces, and physical activity of the mice, Compositional analysis of the gut microbiota,	Effective (reduces inflammatory intestinal damage)
Liu et al. 2016	konjac oligosaccharide (KOS)	Glucose and mannose residues at a molar ratio of 1:1.6 joined through the β1,4-glucosidic link Colitis inducer: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)		1 g and 4 g/kg	Once-daily	2 weeks	Bacteria profile, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in feces, colon damage by macroscopic and histological	Effective
de Albuquerque et al. 2010	Kale and papaya	Kale (60%) + papaya (40%) Colitis inducer: tri-nitro-benzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)		500 mg/kg per rat weight	NM	3 weeks	Clinical endoscopic and histological scores as well as rectal mucosal expression levels of IL-10, IL-1b, TNFa and IL-8 Evaluation of the intestinal anti-inflammatory effects and microbiological studies of intestine luminal content	Effective