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. 2022 Mar 14;29(5):3704–3716. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.017

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of w/o nanoemulsion region of Castor Oil (oil phase), Transcutol-HP (surfactant), Isopropyl Alcohol, IPA (co-surfactant) with different Smix ratios: Smix 2:1 [A], Smix 1:1 [B], and Smix 3:1 [C], and for multiple-NE (w/o/w) region of the 1°-NE with Smix 1:2 (oil phase), Cremophor-EL (surfactant), Transcutol HP (co-surfactant) with different Smix ratios: Smix 2:1 [D], Smix 1:1 [E], and Smix 1:2 [F]. Note: Primary emulsion was composed of 18.0% aqueous phase, 38.0% Smix, and 44.0% castor oil (oil phase).