Table 3.
Comparison of biosensor detection of influenza virus.
| Biosensor | Method | Influenza type (subtypes) | Target | Detection limit | Time to result | Cost | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biosensor (Nucleic acid direct detection) | Peptide nucleic acid biosensor | A | Gene M1 | 2.3 ng | 11 min | Kumar et al., 2020 | |
| Duo-genosensor with DNA probes | A(H5N1) | Gene HA NA | 100 nM | >120 min | Grabowska et al., 2013 | ||
| Fluorescent aptasensor based on nanoparticles metal-enhanced fluorescence | A(H5N1) | Gene HA | 2 ng/mL | – | – | Pang et al., 2015 | |
| Biosensor (protein detection) | Upconversion Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Aptasensors | A(H5N1) | Protein HA | 60.9 pg/mL | 80 min | $15 | Zhao et al., 2021 |
| Electrochemical impedance based diamond biosensor | A | Protein M1 | 1 fg/ml | 5 min | – | Nidzworski et al., 2017 | |
| An impedance aptasensor with gold nanoparticles | A(H5N1) | Protein HA | 0.25 HAU | 60 min | $3 | Karash et al., 2016 | |
| An Impedance Aptasensor with Microfluidic Chips | A(H5N1) | Protein HA | 0.128 HAU | – | $100 | Lum et al., 2015 | |
| SPR aptasensor | A(H5N1) | Protein HA | 0.128 HAU | 95 min | – | Bai et al., 2012 | |
| Hydrogel based a quartz crystal microbalance aptasensor | A(H5N1) | Protein HA | 0.0128 HAU | – | $64 | Wang and Li, 2013 |