TABLE 1.

Differential metabolites associated with depression in the rat cortex detected by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS.

	Metabolites	Formula	TR (min)	Scan mode	m/z	p value	VIP	HMDB	Trend
1	Hypoxanthine	C5H4N4O	1.28	+	137.05	0.0087	7.3	0000157	↓
2	N-acetylaspartic acid	C6H9NO5	1.27	+	176.06	0.0414	4.5	0000812	↑
3	L-pyroglutamic acid	C5H7NO3	1.15	+	130.05	0.0073	6.7	0000267	↓
4	Choline	C5H13NO	1.01	+	104.11	0.0015	2.5	0000097	↑
5	L-glutamic acid	C5H9NO4	1.19	+	148.06	0.0195	3.7	0000148	↓
6	DL-tryptophan	C11H12N2O2	4.90	+	188.07	0.0144	2.9	0013609	↓
7	Citric acid	C6H8O7	1.24	−	191.02	0.0214	2.2	0000094	↑
8	L-phenylalanine	C9H11NO2	1.81	+	166.09	0.0028	5.1	0000159	↓
9	L-aspartyl-4-phosphate	C4H8NO7P	1.25	+	214.01	0.0318	2.7	0012250	↓
10	5-dehydro-4-deoxy-6-D-glucuronate	C6H8O6	1.42	−	175.02	0.0382	2.8	METPA0464	↑
11	IMP	C10H13N4O8P	1.49	+	349.05	0.0171	1.8	0000175	↑
12	Inosine a	C10H12N4O5	1.39	+	269.09	0.0014	3.2	0000195	↓
13	γ-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid	C10H16N2O7	1.35	+	277.10	0.0001	2.1	0011737	↑
14	Nicotinate	C6H5NO2	1.21	+	124.04	0.0068	2.2	0001488	↑
15	Taurine	C2H7NO3S	1.01	−	124.01	0.0114	1.4	0000251	↓
16	Palmitoylcarnitine	C23H45NO4	11.87	+	400.34	0.0338	1.1	0000222	↑
17	AMP a	C10H14N5O7P	1.23	+	348.07	0.0118	1.6	0000045	↑
18	Guanosine a	C10H13N5O5	3.11	+	284.10	0.0137	1.8	0000133	↑
19	α-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate	C6H14O12P2	1.34	−	338.99	0.0172	1.3	0003514	↑
20	(R)-Pantothenate	C9H17NO5	4.71	+	220.12	0.0024	1.5	0000210	↓
21	3-phospho-L-serine	C3H8NO6P	1.02	+	186.02	0.0036	1.1	0001721	↑
22	Triethyl phosphate	C6H15O4P	6.17	+	183.08	0.0182	1.2	—	↓

“↑” or “↓” means the metabolite significantly increased or decreased in the CUMS, group compared with the control group.

^aValidated with the standard.