Table 2. Maternal Milk Intake and Duration and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.
| Variable | No. | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal milk intake | |||
| Daily volume of maternal milk in the NICU, mL/kg | 586 | 99 (48) | 112 (72-133) |
| Total duration of maternal milk intake, mo | 525 | 5.1 (5.4) | 3.1 (1.5-6.7) |
| Duration of maternal milk feeding after NICU discharge, mo | 541 | 3.1 (4.7) | 1.2 (0.1-4.6) |
| Neurodevelopmental outcomesa | |||
| Intelligence (WASI scores) | |||
| Full scale | 582 | 98 (13) | 98 (89-107) |
| Verbal | 579 | 98 (14) | 99 (89-108) |
| Performance | 583 | 99 (13) | 96 (89-106) |
| Academic achievement (WRAT-4 scores) | |||
| Reading standard | 575 | 102 (17) | 103 (93-114) |
| Spelling | 570 | 98 (16) | 99 (87-109) |
| Math computation | 576 | 91 (15) | 91 (83-100) |
| Behavior and executive functioning scores | |||
| ADHD symptoms (Conners Third Edition ADHD Index T score) | 575 | 65 (19) | 61 (45-88) |
| Global executive composite (BRIEF) | 574 | 54.2 (12.7) | 53.0 (45.0-62.0) |
| Total difficulties (SDQ) | 577 | 10.5 (6.5) | 10.0 (6.0-14.0) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BRIEF, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; WASI, Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WRAT-4, Wide Range Achievement Test, Fourth Edition.
a
Higher scores on the WASI and WRAT-4 indicate more favorable outcomes, whereas lower score on the Conners Third Edition ADHD Index T score, BRIEF, and SDQ total difficulties indicate more favorable outcomes.