Table 2. Descriptive Statistics of Covariates for 2004, 2010, and 2016.
| Covariates | Mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 2010 | 2016 | |
| Refundable state EITC (1 = yes) | 0.25 (0.44) | 0.41 (0.50) | 0.41 (0.50) |
| Log real state minimum wage | 1.85 (0.16) | 2.03 (0.09) | 2.04 (0.15) |
| State uses alternative response | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.25 (0.44) | 0.47 (0.50) |
| Screen out increased 8% | 0.88 (0.33) | 0.22 (0.42) | 0.14 (0.35) |
| Screen out counts missing (1 = yes) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.14 (0.35) |
| Share of immigrants | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Unemployment rate | 5.22 (1.04) | 8.76 (2.04) | 4.67 (1.00) |
| Share living in city | 0.53 (0.29) | 0.54 (0.29) | 0.58 (0.30) |
| Share Black, Non-Hispanic | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.13 (0.13) | 0.13 (0.12) |
| Share Asian, Non-Hispanic | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) |
| Share other race, Non-Hispanic | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.07) |
| Share Hispanic, any race | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.15 (0.13) | 0.16 (0.13) |
| Log real personal income | 18.73 (1.06) | 18.84 (1.04) | 18.99 (1.05) |
| Share of children aged 3-4 y | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.02) |
| Share of children aged 5-13 y | 0.49 (0.02) | 0.49 (0.02) | 0.50 (0.02) |
| Share of children aged 14-17 y | 0.24 (0.02) | 0.23 (0.02) | 0.23 (0.02) |
| Log of TANF caseloads | 9.86 (1.23) | 9.69 (1.25) | 9.34 (1.23) |
| Log of Medicaid caseloads | 13.10 (1.12) | 13.30 (1.11) | 13.60 (1.13) |
| Log of WIC caseloads | 11.34 (1.07) | 11.49 (1.10) | 11.30 (1.12) |
| Log of free and reduced lunch caseloads | 12.75 (1.05) | 12.82 (1.07) | 12.78 (1.06) |
| Solely state funded TANF | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.61 (0.49) |
| Opioid deaths per 100 000 | 5.29 (2.82) | 7.61 (3.96) | 14.77 (9.18) |
| Observations, No. | 51 | 51 | 51 |
Abbreviations: EITC, earned income tax credit; TANF, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.