Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| Depressive state | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables |
Total (n = 31,839) |
Depression (n = 15,901) |
Non-depression (n = 15,938) |
p-value |
| Age, Median (IQR) | 47.0 (31.0, 63.0) | 47.0 (31.0, 63.0) | 47.0 (31.0, 61.0) | 0.004 |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 16,145 (50.7) | 11,460 (47.7) | 4,685 (60.1) | |
| Male | 15,694 (49.3) | 12,584 (52.3) | 3,110 (39.9) | |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 4,986 (15.7) | 3,775 (15.7) | 1,211 (15.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 6,851 (21.5) | 5,166 (21.5) | 1,685 (21.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 13,953 (43.8) | 10,518 (43.7) | 3,435 (44.1) | |
| Other Hispanic | 2,845 (8.9) | 2,038 (8.5) | 807 (10.4) | |
| Other race-including multiracial | 3,204 (10.1) | 2,547 (10.6) | 657 (8.4) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 5,783 (18.2) | 4,194 (17.4) | 1,589 (20.4) | |
| Yes | 24,693 (77.6) | 18,841 (78.4) | 5,852 (75.1) | |
| Unknown | 1,363 (4.3) | 1,009 (4.2) | 354 (4.5) | |
| PIR, Mean ± SD | 2.5 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <25 | 9,494 (29.8) | 7,412 (30.8) | 2,082 (26.7) | |
| 25–29.9 | 10,420 (32.7) | 8,224 (34.2) | 2,196 (28.2) | |
| >30 | 11,925 (37.5) | 8,408 (20) | 3,517 (45.1) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Less than high school | 7,563 (23.8) | 5,236 (21.8) | 2,327 (29.9) | |
| High school graduation | 7,601 (23.9) | 5,615 (23.4) | 1,986 (25.5) | |
| College or above | 16,675 (52.4) | 13,193 (54.9) | 3,482 (44.7) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 16,941 (53.2) | 13,437 (55.9) | 3,504 (45) | |
| Former | 7,448 (23.4) | 5,701 (23.7) | 1,747 (22.4) | |
| Now | 6,280 (19.7) | 4,021 (16.7) | 2,259 (21) | |
| Unknown | 1,170 (3.7) | 885 (3.7) | 285 (3.7) | |
| Physical status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| NO/Unknown | 18,363 (57.7) | 13,200 (54.9) | 5,163 (66.2) | |
| Moderate | 7,012 (22.0) | 5,516 (22.9) | 1,496 (19.2) | |
| Vigorous | 6,464 (20.3) | 5,328 (22.2) | 1,136 (14.6) | |
| Work activity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-work activity | 15,727 (49.4) | 11,776 (49) | 3,951 (50.7) | |
| Moderate work activity | 6,076 (19.1) | 4,545 (18.9) | 1,531 (19.6) | |
| Vigorous work activity | 5,563 (17.5) | 4,159 (17.3) | 1,404 (18) | |
| Unknown | 4,473 (14.0) | 3,564 (14.8) | 909 (11.7) | |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 0.119 | |||
| No | 7,635 (24.0) | 5,814 (24.2) | 1,821 (23.4) | |
| Yes | 19,069 (59.9) | 14,402 (59.9) | 4,667 (59.9) | |
| Unknown | 5,135 (16.1) | 3,828 (15.9) | 1,307 (16.8) | |
| DM, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 23,779 (74.7) | 18,250 (75.9) | 5,529 (70.9) | |
| Yes | 8,060 (25.3) | 5,794 (24.1) | 2,266 (29.1) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 19,342 (60.7) | 15,064 (62.7) | 4,278 (54.9) | |
| Yes | 12,497 (39.3) | 8,980 (37.3) | 3,517 (45.1) | |
| Vit A intake, Median (IQR) | 465.0 (252.0, 770.0) | 479.0 (262.0, 782.0) | 427.0 (224.5, 731.5) | <0.001 |
| Zn intake, Median (IQR) | 9.7 (6.6, 14.1) | 9.9 (6.8, 14.2) | 9.2 (6.1, 13.7) | <0.001 |