Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Patientsa.
| Characteristic | Control individuals (n = 173) | Patients with HFpEF (n = 563) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 60 (15) | 69 (11) | <.001 |
| Sex, No. (%) | |||
| Female | 109 (63) | 334 (59) | .42 |
| Male | 64 (37) | 229 (41) | |
| Body mass indexb | 27.9 (5.8) | 32.4 (7.2) | <.001 |
| Comorbidities, No. (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 111 (64) | 463 (82) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 25 (14) | 108 (19) | .15 |
| Atrial fibrillation | |||
| Any | 14 (8) | 212 (38) | <.001 |
| Paroxysmal | 10 (6) | 126 (22) | <.001 |
| Permanent | 4 (2) | 86 (15) | <.001 |
| Hemoglobin level, g/dL | 13.1 (1.6) | 13.0 (1.6) | .20 |
| NTproBNP level, mean (95% CI), pg/mL | 83 (50-198) | 273 (99-868) | <.001 |
| Creatinine level, mg/dL | 0.98 (0.32) | 1.12 (0.62) | .007 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LV end diastolic dimension, mm | 47 (5) | 48 (7) | .09 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 78 (25) | 86 (27) | <.001 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.39 (0.10) | 0.41 (0.10) | .001 |
| Septal wall thickness, mm | 9.4 (2.3) | 10.3 (2.3) | <.001 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 62 (6) | 61 (6) | .03 |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | 32 (12) | 37 (14) | <.001 |
| Septal E/e′ ratio | 9.3 (3.8) | 12.9 (6.5) | <.001 |
| Septal e′, cm/s | 8 (3) | 7 (2) | <.001 |
| TR velocity, m/s | 2.45 (0.45) | 2.79 (0.58) | <.001 |
| PASP, mm Hg | 30 (11) | 39 (15) | <.001 |
| Invasive hemodynamics | |||
| Rest PCWP, mm Hg | 10 (3) | 16 (6) | <.001 |
| Rest mean PAP, mm Hg | 18 (5) | 28 (10) | <.001 |
| Rest CO, L/minc | 5.5 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.9) | .36 |
| Peak PCWP, mm Hg | 18 (5) | 32 (6) | <.001 |
| Peak mean PAP, mm Hg | 31 (8) | 45 (11) | <.001 |
| Peak CO, L/minc | 10.6 (3.3) | 9.1 (3.4) | <.001 |
| PCWP/CO slope, mean (95% CI), mm Hg/L/minc | 1.6 (1.0-2.7) | 4.2 (2.6-7.5) | <.001 |
| PCWP/CO slope >2 mm Hg/L/min, No. (%)c | 47 (32) | 367 (84) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CO, cardiac output; e′, septal mitral annulus tissue relaxation velocity in early diastole; E/e′, ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to e′; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; NA, not applicable; NTproBNP, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.
SI conversion factors: To convert BNP to ng/L, multiply by 1.0; creatinine to μmol/L, multiply by 88.4; hemoglobin to g/L, multiply by 10.0.
Data are presented as mean (SD) values unless otherwise indicated.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
PCWP/CO slope was available for 146 controls and 437 patients with HFpEF.