Table. Patient, Hospital, and Source Control Characteristics and Outcomes.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| All patients | Early source control (<6 h) | Late source control (6-36 h) | |
| Patient characteristics | |||
| No. of patients (%) | 4962 | 1315 (27) | 3647 (73) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 62 (16) | 59 (17) | 63 (16) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 2604 (52) | 670 (51) | 1934 (53) |
| Female | 2358 (48) | 645 (49) | 1713 (47) |
| Race | |||
| Black | 422 (9) | 116 (9) | 306 (8) |
| White | 4226 (85) | 1087 (83) | 3139 (86) |
| Othera | 314 (6) | 112 (9) | 202 (6) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 30.9 (9.6) | 31.5 (11.0) | 30.7 (9.0) |
| SOFA score, mean (SD)b | 3.8 (2.5) | 4.8 (2.8) | 3.4 (2.2) |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)c | 4.0 (2.4) | 3.9 (2.5) | 4.0 (2.3) |
| Selected vital signs and laboratory valuesd | |||
| Heart rate, mean (SD), /min | 98 (21) | 102 (21) | 96 (21) |
| Respiratory rate, mean (SD), /min | 21 (6) | 21 (6) | 20 (6) |
| Serum lactate level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 24.3 (24.3) | 24.3 (25.2) | 24.3 (23.4) |
| INR, mean (SD) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.6 (1.2) |
| Creatinine level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.7) |
| Total bilirubin level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 1.9 (3.4) | 1.2 (1.9) | 2.2 (3.9) |
| Hospital and source control characteristics | |||
| Mandated surgeon availability | |||
| In-house 24 h | 2503 (50.4) | 833 (63.3) | 1670 (45.8) |
| Not mandated | 2207 (44.5) | 430 (32.7) | 1777 (48.7) |
| Available 24 h | 252 (5.1) | 52 (4.0) | 200 (5.5) |
| Intrahospital transfer status | |||
| Not transferred | 4219 (85.0) | 1141 (86.8) | 3078 (84.4) |
| Transferred | 743 (15.0) | 174 (13.2) | 569 (15.6) |
| Time to antibiotics, median (IQR), h | 1.5 (0.2 to 3.7) | 0.4 (−0.1 to 1.7) | 1.9 (0.5 to 4.5) |
| Time to source control, median (IQR), h | 15.4 (5.5 to 21.7) | 2.3 (0.4 to 3.9) | 18.7 (13.9 to 23.6) |
| Anatomic category of source control | |||
| Gastrointestinal and abdominal | 1372 (27.7) | 482 (36.7) | 890 (24.4) |
| Soft tissue | 1030 (20.8) | 351 (26.7) | 679 (18.6) |
| Hepatopancreatobiliary | 883 (17.8) | 87 (6.6) | 796 (21.8) |
| Urologic and gynecologic | 714 (14.4) | 127 (9.7) | 587 (16.1) |
| Orthopedic and cranial | 616 (12.4) | 129 (9.8) | 487 (13.4) |
| Thoracic | 347 (7.0) | 139 (10.6) | 208 (5.7) |
| Procedural physiologic stresse | |||
| More stress | 2652 (53) | 958 (73) | 1694 (46) |
| Less stress | 2310 (47) | 357 (7) | 1953 (54) |
| Hospital utilization and crude outcomes | |||
| Mechanical ventilation, any | 1493 (30) | 626 (48) | 867 (24) |
| Vasopressors, any | 1010 (20) | 393 (30) | 617 (17) |
| Admitted to ICU | 2219 (45) | 802 (61) | 1417 (39) |
| Hospital LOS, mean (SD), d | 11.8 (12.3) | 14.8 (16.1) | 10.7 (10.4) |
| Mortality | |||
| In-hospital | 287 (5.8) | 90 (6.8) | 197 (5.4) |
| 90-d | 706 (14.2) | 177 (13.5) | 529 (14.5) |
| 365-d | 1196 (24.1) | 928 (25.5) | 268 (20.4) |
Abbreviations: ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalized ratio; LOS, length of stay; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score.
SI conversion factors: To convert bilirubin to μmol/L, multiply by 17.104; creatinine to μmol/L, multiply by 88.4; serum lactate to mmol/L, multiply by 0.111.
Other race corresponds to American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, Middle Eastern, or Native American.
SOFA score corresponds to the severity of organ dysfunction, reflecting 6 organ systems each with a score range of 0-4 points (cardiovascular, hepatic, hematologic, respiratory, neurological, renal), with a total score range of 0-24 points.
Elixhauser is a method of categorizing comorbidities of patients based on International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes in administrative data, ranging from 0 to 31.
Missing data were imputed via random forest models (eTable 4 in the Supplement).
Physiologic stress was guided by Operative Stress Score (low <1, high 2-5). Procedures without an Operative Stress Score were assigned a physiologic stress level based on the rating of similar procedures (eTable 2 in the Supplement).