Question 1A.

Which elements does the clinical history need to contain to screen for CVI?

Very low GRADE	Risks for CVI have been identified from literature with the following data. Exposure to drugs or medication during pregnancy (in utero), infections during pregnancy (in utero), premature birth, very low birth weight, deficiency of oxygen during birth, low APGAR scores, emergency C-section, neonatal hypoglycemia, reanimation, congenital abnormality of brain, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, genetic abnormalities, metabolic disorders, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarctions, PVL, intracranial cysts, tumors of brain, viral or bacterial infections like meningitis or encephalitis, diabetic coma, complications during operation, cerebral palsy, hypotonia, epilepsy (especially West syndrome, infantile spasm) intellectual disability (Wong, 1991; Chen et al., 1992; Houliston et al., 1999; Huo et al., 1999; Shah et al., 2006; Khetpal and Donahue, 2007; Ortibus et al., 2009; van Genderen et al., 2012; Macintyre-Beon et al., 2013; Bosch et al., 2014b; Geldof et al., 2015; Ozturk et al., 2016).
Moderate GRADE	Cortical/CVI may be the most common cause of blindness identified in children with CZS (Ventura et al., 2017). Cortical visual impairment related to structural abnormalities of the occipital cortex is a cause of visual impairment in children with CZS with normal eye examinations (Henderson et al., 2021)