TABLE 1.
Means and standard deviations for essay writing performance scores, individual category score, subjective ratings of cognitive load, and instructional efficiency for two instructional groups.
| Group | Individual learning (N = 32) | Collaborative learning (N = 32) | |
| Essay score | M | 22.03 | 24.55 |
| SD | 4.36 | 4.21 | |
| Task achievement | M | 5.72 | 6.19 |
| SD | 1.08 | 1.05 | |
| Coherence and cohesion | M | 5.44 | 6.14 |
| SD | 1.07 | 1.06 | |
| Lexical resource | M | 5.50 | 6.03 |
| SD | 1.15 | 1.07 | |
| Grammatical range and accuracy | M | 5.36 | 6.19 |
| SD | 1.13 | 1.08 | |
| Intrinsic load | M | 2.21 | 1.59 |
| SD | 0.99 | 0.99 | |
| Extraneous load | M | 2.40 | 1.97 |
| SD | 0.68 | 0.75 | |
| Overall load | M | 2.30 | 1.78 |
| SD | 0.61 | 0.69 | |
| Efficiency | M | −0.47 | 0.46 |
| SD | 1.02 | 1.08 |