Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects by presence of the MAFLD according to sex (N=2031).
| Characteristic | Total | MAFLD (+) | MAFLD (-) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.08 ± 0.42 | 62.89 ± 0.47 | 63.24 ± 0.47 | 0.4348 |
| Women (%) | 51.15+1.11 | 45.59 ± 2.39 | 55.82 ± 1.66 | 0.0094** |
| High school and Above (%) | 60.86+1.91 | 59.32 ± 2.29 | 62.15 ± 3.69 | 0.5816 |
| Married or Living with partner (%) | 66.66+2.11 | 70.94 ± 2.87 | 63.06 ± 2.87 | 0.0585 |
| Non-Hispanic White (%) | 9.43 ± 1.41 | 8.44 ± 1.45 | 10.25 ± 1.64 | 0.1918 |
| Drinking habit (%) | 91.99+1.21 | 90.54 ± 2.34 | 93.22 ± 1.08 | 0.2935 |
| Smoking habit (%) | 43.75+1.66 | 43.39 ± 2.19 | 44.05 ± 2.67 | 0.8593 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.05 ± 0.29 | 32.64 ± 0.42 | 26.03 ± 0.25 | <0.0001*** |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 101.35 ± 0.79 | 110.58 ± 1.04 | 93.62 ± 0.68 | <0.0001*** |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106.14 ± 0.45 | 112.69 ± 0.8 | 100.63 ± 0.47 | <0.0001*** |
| ALP (IU/L) | 80.76 ± 0.79 | 82.61 ± 1.08 | 79.17 ± 1.11 | 0.0417* |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.06 ± 0.02 | 4.06 ± 0.02 | 4.06 ± 0.02 | 0.9611 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 22.65 ± 0.57 | 24.89 ± 0.56 | 20.73 ± 1 | 0.0034** |
| GGT (IU/L) | 31.35 ± 0.99 | 33.59 ± 1.18 | 29.44 ± 1.31 | 0.0192* |
| AST (IU/L) | 22.38 ± 0.51 | 22.5 ± 0.54 | 22.28 ± 0.81 | 0.8189 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.9914 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.58 ± 0.02 | 3.54 ± 0.03 | 3.61 ± 0.02 | 0.0958 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.9156 |
| Total calcium (mg/dL) | 9.34 ± 0.02 | 9.35 ± 0.03 | 9.32 ± 0.02 | 0.3345 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.67 ± 2.12 | 190.92 ± 3.34 | 201.61 ± 2.3 | 0.0124* |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 151.6 ± 4.26 | 183.41 ± 8.77 | 124.28 ± 3.95 | <0.0001*** |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.46 ± 0.07 | 5.76 ± 0.07 | 5.21 ± 0.08 | <0.0001*** |
| Platelet count (10^9/L) | 232.18 ± 3.29 | 233.51 ± 3.65 | 231.06 ± 4.27 | 0.6018 |
| Osteoporosis (%) | 7.3 ± 0.61 | 4.32 ± 0.59 | 9.81 ± 1.03 | 0.0001*** |
| Total femur BMD (gm/cm2) | 0.92 ± 0.00 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 0.0001*** |
| Femur neck BMD (gm/cm2) | 0.75 ± 0.00 | 0.78 ± 0.00 | 0.72 ± 0.01 | 0.0001*** |
| Trochanter BMD (gm/cm2) | 0.70 ± 0.00 | 0.73 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 0.0001*** |
| Intertrochanter BMD (gm/cm2) | 1.10 ± 0.01 | 1.16 ± 0.01 | 1.04 ± 0.01 | 0.0001*** |
| Total spine BMD (gm/cm2) | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 1.05 ± 0.01 | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 0.0002*** |
| L1 BMD (gm/cm2) | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | <0.0001*** |
| L2 BMD (gm/cm2) | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 1.06 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | <0.0001*** |
| L3 BMD (gm/cm2) | 1.05 ± 0.01 | 1.09 ± 0.01 | 1.01 ± 0.01 | 0.0001*** |
| L4 BMD (gm/cm2) | 1.05 ± 0.01 | 1.08 ± 0.02 | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 0.0002*** |
| High sensitivity CRP | 3.97 ± 0.32 | 4.69 ± 0.39 | 3.36 ± 0.46 | 0.0372* |
| Overweight (%) | 74.73+1.9 | 97.54 ± 0.89 | 55.51 ± 2.91 | <0.0001*** |
| Abdominal obesity (%) | 65.52+2.48 | 89.49 ± 1.6 | 45.44 ± 3.39 | <0.0001*** |
| Hypertriglyceridemia (%) | 61.37+2.38 | 73.61 ± 2.44 | 51.08 ± 2.95 | <0.0001*** |
| Low HDL (%) | 56.12+1.97 | 69.15 ± 2.83 | 45.18 ± 2.63 | <0.0001*** |
| Diabetes (%) | 23.66+1.15 | 37.39 ± 2.62 | 12.13 ± 1.13 | <0.0001*** |
| Prediabetes (%) | 22.31+1.46 | 29.92 ± 2.84 | 15.92 ± 1.41 | 0.0005*** |
| Insulin resistance (%) | 21.06+1.73 | 32.07 ± 2.81 | 11.82 ± 1.2 | <0.0001*** |
| Hypertension (%) | 68.48+2.13 | 77.33 ± 3.26 | 61.05 ± 1.88 | 0.0006*** |
| COPD (%) | 7.38+1 | 7.88 ± 1.36 | 6.97 ± 1.35 | 0.6287 |
| Cancer (%) | 18.65+1.41 | 20.71 ± 1.82 | 16.91 ± 1.63 | 0.0617 |
| Use of prednisone or cortisone (%) | 8.48+0.83 | 10.75 ± 1.5 | 6.58 ± 1.09 | 0.0535 |
| Family history of osteoporosis (%) | 18.36+1.4 | 17.23 ± 2.12 | 19.33 ± 1.86 | 0.4693 |
| Did mother ever fracture hip (%) | 8.86+0.94 | 9.98 ± 1.26 | 7.91 ± 1.35 | 0.2854 |
| Did father ever fracture hip (%) | 4.79+1.07 | 4.57 ± 1.4 | 4.99 ± 1.24 | 0.7895 |
Student’s t tests were used for detecting differences in mean values of continuous variables between males and females. Chi-squared tests were used for detecting associations between categorical variables and gender. *P value < 0.05, **P value < 0.01, ***P value < 0.001.