TABLE 1.

In vitro and preclinical application of ASC-scaffold composites.

S. No.	ASC dose	Source of ASCs	Scaffold type	Model	Reference
1	2 × 106/ml	Human	Silylated chitosan and cellulose hydrogel	Canine OC defect in dogs	Boyer et al. (2020)
2	0.02 × 106 cells/spheroid	Human	3D-printed osteochondral interface using osteogenic and chondrogenic spheroid	In vitro study	Ayan et al. (2020)
3	0.5 × 106 cell/40 ml	Rabbit	Porous poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold with different pore sizes	OC defect in femur of rabbit	Im et al. (2012)
4	0.2 × 106 cells/350 μl	Human	3D collagen gel scaffold	In vitro study	Scioli et al. (2016)
5	1 × 107 cells/ml	Rabbit	Coacervate-embedded composite hydrogels	Femoral trochlear osteochondral defect in rabbit	Cho et al. (2020)
6	0.25 × 106/cm2 (when 0% tricalcium phosphate used) and 0.02 × 106/cm2 (when 20% TCP used)	Human	Stacked polylactic acid nanofibrous scaffolds	In vitro study	Mellor et al. (2015)
7	1 × 107 cells/ml	Human	Cancellous bone/hydrogel (chitosan/gelatin) hybrid scaffold	In vitro study	Song et al. (2016)
8	2 × 106 cells	Rabbit	Cartilage extracellular matrix-derived particles (CEDPs) and cartilage slice-based scaffold	Rabbit femoral trochlear osteochondral defect	Yin et al. (2018)
9	0.4 × 106 cells/30 ul	Human immortalized ASCs (Evercyte, Cat# CHT-001-0005)	Photo-crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl (gelMA) scaffold	In vitro study	Hölzl et al. (2021)
10	0.256 × 106 per microspheroids	Human immortalized ASCs (Evercyte, Cat# CHT-001-0005)	Gelatin-based hydrogels	In vitro study	Zigon-Branc et al. (2019)
11	0.25 × 106 cells for the chondrogenic layer and 0.5 × 106 cells for the osteogenic layer	Rabbit	Trilayered silk fibroin scaffolds	In vitro study	Ding et al. (2014)
12	0.25 × 106 cells/scaffold	Human	Multiphasic 3D-bioplotted scaffolds	In vitro study	Mellor et al. (2020)
13	2 × 106 cells/scaffold	Rabbit	Biodegradable porous sponge cartilage scaffold	Full thickness femoral defect in rabbits	Widhiyanto et al. (2020)
14	0.5 × 106 cells/ml (in vivo) 5 × 103 cells/ml–0.5 × 106 cells/ml (in vitro)	Not specified	Protein-reactive nanofibrils scaffold	Articular cartilage defect	Kim et al. (2021)
15	50 ul of 50 × 106 cells/ml	Rabbit	Poly(L-glutamic acid)-based scaffold	Articular osteochondral defect in rabbits	Zhang et al. (2016)
16	3 × 106 cells	Minipig human	Oligo (polyethylene glycol) fumarate (OPF) hydrogel	OC defect in minipigs	De Girolamo et al. (2015)
17	0.5 × 106 cells	Rabbit	Immobilized porous polycaprolactone scaffold	Distal femur OC defect in rabbits	Im and Lee, (2010)
18	0.25 × 106 co-cultured cells with human articular chondrocytes	Human immortalized ASCs (Evercyte, Cat# CHT-001-0005)	AuriScaff (auricular cartilage scaffold)	OC plug model in mice	Nürnberger et al. (2019)
19	0.075 × 106 and 0.15 × 106 cells	Pig ASCs	Multiphasic 3D-bioplotted scaffold	OC defects in minipigs	Nordberg et al. (2021)