Table 1.

Pre-clinical application of nanomaterials for cancer immunotherapy based on ICD.

Material	Application (therapy)	Experimental conditions	Therapeutic agents/adjuvant	Tumor model	Cell death type	Effect	Refs
Black phosphorus nanosheets	PTT	60 µg/mL + 808 nm, 2W/cm2, 180 s	CpG	4T1	Necroptosis	CRT activation	(67)
						HMGB-1 release
						ATP secretion
				Raw 264.7		↑ Phagocytosis potential
						↑ TNFα
						↑ IL-6
		2 mg/Kg + 808 nm, 2W/cm2, 1 min		Bilateral 4T1 xenografted Balb/c mice		Primary and secondary tumor regression
						CD8+ T cells activation
						CD4+ T cells activation
						↓ Treg cells
						↑ TNFα
						↑ IL-2
						↑ IFNɣ
PFP@PEG-CMD-Ce6 Nanobubbles	US	100 µg/mL + 300 s, power: 30 W, duty cycle: 20%, pulse repetition frequency: 1Hz, Y interval: 1mm	/	CT26	RIPK3/MLKL independent necroptosis and apoptosis	HMGB-1 release	(68)
				BMDCs		↑ CD86+
		On days 8, 11, 14, 1-3 mg Ce6/kg doses + time: 600 sec, power: 10 W, duty cycle: 20%, pulse repetition frequency: 1 Hz, Y interval: 1 mm		CT26 xenografted Balb/c mice		↓ Tumor growth
			PD-L1 100 µg/mouse			↓↓ Tumor growth
						↓ Metastasis
						↑ CD8+ T cells infiltration
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymeric core-bearing breast cancer membrane biomimetic nanoparticle (BN)	NIR-photoactivation	808 nm, 0.5 W/cm2, 2 min	Indocyanine green (ICG) 40 µg/mL + decitabine (DCT) 7.6 µg/mL	4T1	Pyroptosis and apoptosis	↑ Ca2+	(58)
						↑ Cyt c
						↑ caspase 3
						↑ GSDME
						↑ N-terminal GSDME
				(4T1 + BN) + BMDCs		↑ CD86+
						↑ TNFα
						↑ IL-6
			ICG 1 mg/kg + DCT 0.19 mg/kg	4T1 xenografted Balb/c mice		↑ caspase 3
						↑ N-terminal GSDME
				Bilateral 4T1 xenografted Balb/c mice		Primary and secondary tumor regression
						↑ TNFα
						↑ IL-6
						↑ IFNɣ
						↑ DCs infiltration
						↑ CD8+ T cells infiltration
						↑ CD4+ T cells infiltration
						↓ Treg cells
Nanoliposome	/	/	DAC pre-treatment (100 µL) + cisplatinum (80 µmol/L-1)	4T1 xenografted Balb/c mice	Pyroptosis and apoptosis	↓ Tumor growth	(69)
						↓ Metastasis
						↑ CD8+ T cells infiltration
						↑ DCs maturation
Arginine-rich manganese silicate nanobubbles	/	1 - 25 µg/mL	/	Huh7	Ferroptosis	↓ GSH; ↑ GSSG	(70)
						↓ GPX4
		5 mg/kg		Huh7 xenografted Balb/c mice		↓ Tumor growth
PEGylated single-atom Fe-containing nanocatalysts	/	25 - 400 µg/mL	/	4T1	Ferroptosis and apoptosis	/	(43)
		20 mg/kg		4T1 xenografted Balb/c mice		↓ Tumor growth
	NIR-photoactivation	20 mg/kg; 808 nm, 1.5 W/cm2, 5 min				Complete tumor regression
Fe-doxorubicin preloaded amorphous CaCo3 nanoformulation	/	/	Doxorubicin 5 mg/kg + Fe2+	4T1 and A375 nude mice	Ferroptosis and apoptosis	↓ Tumor growth No toxicity	(71)

↑ means "increase"; ↓ means "decrease".