TABLE 1.
Characterization of scaffold used in the included studies.
| Author (Year) | Polysaccharide composition | Biocomposite scaffold (additional polymers and ceramics) | Functionalization of dextran, pullulan or pullulan/dextran scaffolds | Cross-linking process (cross-linker used) | Material aspect | Bioactive components |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lafont et al. (2004) | Dextran | — | Carboxymethyl, benzylamide and sulfate | — | Aqueous solution (loaded into collagen sponges) | — |
| Maire et al. (2005a) | Dextran | — | Carboxylate, benzylamide and sulfate (three different D.S. expressed in %: 0, 2, and 18) | Chemical cross-linking (STMP) | Hydrogel | BMP-2 |
| Chen et al. (2005) | Dextran | Gelatin | — | Chemical cross-linking | Microspheres | BMP-2 |
| Chen et al. (2006) | Dextran | Gelatin | Glycidyl methacrylate (three different D.S. referring to the number of methacrylated groups per 100 glucopyranose residues: 4.7, 6.3, and 7.8) | Chemical cross-linking (Polyethylene glycol) | Microspheres | IGF-1 |
| Chen et al. (2007) | Dextran | Gelatin | Glycidyl methacrylate | Chemical cross-linking | Hydrogel | — |
| Dextran | Polyethylene glycol | Glycidyl methacrylate | Chemical cross-linking | Microspheres | BMP-2 | |
| Degat et al. (2007) | Dextran | — | Carboxymethyl, benzylamide | — | Aqueous solution (loaded into collagen sponges) | BMP-2 |
| Abbah et al. (2012) | Dextran/Alginate | — | Diethylaminoethyl | Physical cross-linking (CaCl2) | Microspheres (loaded into polymeric sponges) | BMP-2 |
| Bölgen et al. (2013) | Dextran | Hydroxyethyl methacrylate | — | Chemical cross-linking (Methylenebisacrylamide) | Cryogel (disc-shaped) | MSCs |
| Lactate | ||||||
| Togami et al. (2014) | Dextran | Polyvinyl formal | — | — | Sponges | — |
| Ritz et al. (2018) | Dextran | — | Carboxymethyl and epoxy benzophenone | Chemical cross-linking (UV radiation) | Hydrogel (disc-shaped) | BMP-7 |
| SDF-1 | ||||||
| HUVEC hOB | ||||||
| Chen et al. (2019) | Dextran | — | Sulfate | — | Aqueous solution (loaded into gelatin sponges) | BMP-2 |
| Ding et al. (2019) | Dextran/Chitosan | Strontium-doped HA | Formylbenzoic | Chemical cross-linking | Hydrogel (injected, in situ forming) | — |
| Fang et al. (2019) | Dextran | Polyacrylamide | Urethane methacrylate | Physical cross-linking (SDS/SMA micelles) | Hydrogel (disc-shaped) | — |
| HA | ||||||
| Shoji et al. (2020) | Dextran | — | Tyramine | Chemical cross-linking (H2O2, HRP) | Hydrogel (injected, in situ forming) | bFGF |
| Yu et al. (2020) | Dextran | — | — | — | Aqueous solution (loaded into gelatin sponges) | BMP-2 |
| Wang et al. (2021) | Dextran | PLGA | Aldehyde and catechol | Chemical cross-linking (Schiff reaction) | Hydrogel (injected, in situ forming) | Bisphosphonate |
| HA | ||||||
| Hayashi et al. (2009) | Pullulan | — | Cholesteryl and acryloyl | Chemical cross-linking (thiol-bearing polyethylene glycol) | Hydrogel (hemisphere-shaped) | BMP-2 |
| Miyahara et al. (2011) | Pullulan | — | Cholesteryl and acryloyl | Chemical cross-linking (thiol-bearing polyethylene glycol) | Hydrogel (membrane) | — |
| Fujioka-Kobayashi et al. (2012) | Pullulan | — | Cholesteryl and acryloyl | Chemical cross-linking (thiol-bearing polyethylene glycol) | Hydrogel (disc-shaped) | BMP-2 and/or FGF18 |
| Takahata et al. (2015) | Pullulan | β-TCP | Phosphate | — | NS | — |
| Charoenlarp et al. (2018) | Pullulan | — | Cholesteryl and acryloyl | Chemical cross-linking (thiol-bearing polyethylene glycol and/or RGD peptides) | Hydrogel (disc-shaped) | BMP-2 and FGF18 |
| Popescu et al. (2019) | Pullulan/Alginate | Bioglass containing X%CuO (X = 0.5 or 1.5) | — | — | NS | — |
| Fricain et al. (2013) | Pullulan/Dextran | HA | — | Chemical cross-linking (STMP) | Hydrogel (sponges) | — |
| Schlaubitz et al. (2014) | Pullulan/Dextran | HA | — | Chemical cross-linking (STMP) | Microspheres | — |
| Frasca et al. (2017) | Pullulan/Dextran | — | — | Chemical cross-linking (STMP) | Hydrogel (sponges) | MSCs |
| Ribot et al. (2017) | Pullulan/Dextran | HA and/or fucoidan | — | Chemical cross-linking (STMP) | Microspheres | — |
| Fricain et al. (2018) | Pullulan/Dextran | HA | — | Chemical cross-linking (STMP) | Microspheres | — |
| Maurel et al. (2021) | Pullulan/Dextran | HA | — | Chemical cross-linking (STMP) | Microspheres | — |
bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; β-TCP, beta-tricalcium phosphate; CuO, copper oxide; D.S., degree of substitution; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HA, hydroxyapatite; HEMA, hydroxyethyl methacrylate; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; hOB, human osteoblast; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells; NS, not specified; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PLGA, poly-(L-glutamic acid); RGD, arginine-glycine-aspartate; SDF-1, stromal-derived growth factor; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; SMA, stearyl methacrylate; STMP, sodium trimetaphosphate; (—), not applicable.