TABLE 1.
The alveolar bone regeneration efficiency and the orthodontic impactions of the alveolar bone grafting materials.
| Materials | References | Combinatory Materials | Type of Study | Alveolar Bone Regeneration Efficiency | Side Effects | Impact on Orthodontics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume | Cellular Activity | Inflammation | Pain | Graft Failure | Tooth Movement Rate | Adverse Effect | ||||
| BMP2 | Kawamoto et al. (2002) | poly [D,L-(lactide-co-glycolide)]/gelatin sponge complex | Animal study (dog) | Significantly greater regenerated bone than spongiosa autograft | More osteoinductive activity associated with rhBMP2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Both rhBMP2 and spongiosa groups showed similar responses to orthodontic force as normal alveolar bone | Root resorption on pressure side with rhBMP2 |
| Hammoudeh et al. (2017) | DBM scaffold | Clinical study (secondary alveolar cleft repair) | Comparable bone regrowth and density as autologous iliac crest bone graft | N/A | Self-limited facial swelling, minor wound dehiscence | Improved without intervention | No increase in serious adverse events compared to iliac bone graft | Similar spontaneous canine eruption rate was observed among rhBMP2 and iliac crest bone groups | N/A | |
| Chandra et al. (2019) | N/A | Clinical study (PAOO) | A highly significant increase in bone density compared to conventional corticotomy procedure | BMP-2 stimulates recruitment and differentiation of osteoclasts | No significant difference on wound healing | No significant difference on pain scores | N/A | Reduced orthodontic treatment time | N/A | |
| Jiang et al. (2020) | BMP2-functionalized BioCaP granules | Animal study (dogs) | Compared to bovine xenograft: 1.25-fold enhanced bone formation, 1.42-fold more graft resorption, 1.36-fold higher bone density | BMP mediated osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling | Reduced inflammation compared to bovine xenograft | Not observed | N/A | Slightly reduced orthodontic tooth movement rate but statistically not significant compared to bovine xenograft | Less root resorption and reduced periodontal probing depth compared to bovine xenograft | |
| β-TCP | de Ruiter et al. (2011) | N/A | Animal study (goats) | More bone ingrowth than autografted iliac bone grafts, but the difference was not significant | No significant difference between β-TCP and iliac bone groups | No significant difference | N/A | N/A | No difference in orthodontic tooth movement between β-TCP and iliac bone | Minor degree of apical root resorption, analogous with human situation |
| Klein et al. (2019) | N/A | Animal study (mice) | β-TCP and long bone allograft both induce normal bone healing, similarly to non-grafted normally healing sites | Increased osteoclast recruitment induced by β-TCP at the early stages of healing compared to allograft using long bones | No adverse inflammatory response | Not observed | Not observed | β-TCP and allograft both slowed orthodontic movement compared to control without grafting; no difference in orthodontic movement between β-TCP and allografts | N/A | |
| Bioactive glasses | El Shazley et al. (2016) | N/A | Clinical study (extraction socket preservation) | TAMP grafted sockets healed with vertical trabeculae and large vascularized marrow spaces; better preservation of socket contour | TAMP scaffolds enhanced the recruitment of stem cells from grafted sockets | N/A | N/A | Not observed | N/A | N/A |
| Shoreibah et al. (2012) | N/A | Clinical study (PAOO) | Significantly higher bone density was observed with bioactive glasses compared to the control group without grafting | Bioactive glass particles attract osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts | N/A | N/A | N/A | Significant reduction in total treatment time compared to the control group without grafting | No statistical difference on root resorption; absence of any significant apical root resorption | |
| Bahammam, (2016) | N/A | Clinical study (PAOO) | Lower bone density than bovine xenograft but not statistically significant. Both bioactive glass and bovine xenograft showed significantly greater density than the control group without grafting | Bioactive glass has homeostatic properties and demonstrated both osteoprotection and osteoconduction | Not observed | Not observed | Not observed | No difference was observed among bioactive glass, bovine xenograft, and control (no graft) groups | No significant difference in root length in all bioactive glass, bovine, and control (no graft) groups | |
| PRF | Tehranchi et al. (2018) | N/A | Clinical study (extraction socket preservation) | Significantly higher bone density than control group without grafting | PRF contains various growth factors, cytokines, and enzymes | N/A | 15% of patients reported severe post-injection pain | N/A | PRF accelerated orthodontic tooth movement, particularly in extraction cases | N/A |
| Sar et al. (2019) | N/A | Animal study (rabbits) | N/A | PRF membrane alone led to an almost 3 times higher osteoblast cell count and almost 2.5 times higher blood vessel count when compared to the untreated control | Not observed | Not observed | N/A | PRF accelerated tooth movement | No orthodontic-related discomfort was observed | |
| BM-MSCs | Tanimoto et al. (2015) | N/A | Animal study (dogs) | Radiopaque newly formed bone was observed with periodontal ligament space using MSCs, whereas the bone on carbonated hydroxyapatite control group is immature | MSCs exert new bone formation by osteogenic differentiation and induce capillary vessels | N/A | N/A | N/A | No difference in amount of tooth movement compared to carbonated hydroxyapatite for control; MSCs exhibit consistent tooth movement rate but control group did not | Not observed |
rhBMP-2: recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; DBM: demineralized bone matrix; PAOO: periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics; β-TCP: beta tricalcium phosphate; TAMP scaffold: tailored amorphous multiporous scaffold; PRF: platelet-rich fibrin; BM-MSC: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells; OTM: orthodontic tooth movement.