TABLE 2.

Characteristics of different AC decellularization methods.

Methods	Principles	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Physical	Using physical principles to cleave the cells and destroy any cell matrix adhesion proteins	1. Convenient	1. Inadequate decellularization efficiency	Pulver et al. (2014), Hiemer et al. (2016), Hiemer et al. (2019), Chen et al. (2021), Shen et al. (2020)
		2. Low immune response	2. Destroying the ultrastructure of ECM
		3. Low toxicity
		4. Maintaining part of the structure
Chemical	Using chemical detergents to destroy the structure of cell membrane and separate DNA from proteins, removing cellular substances from the tissue	1. High decellularization efficiency	1. Reducing specific component content and bioactivity of ECM	Gawlitta et al. (2015), Schneider et al. (2016), Gilpin and Yang, (2017), Browe et al. (2019), Ghassemi et al. (2019), Luo et al. (2019)
		2. Retaining the structure and composition of ECM to a large extent	2. High toxicity of residual chemicals
Biological	Using enzymatic reagents to remove cell residues and tissue components	1. Removal of residual cells and antigens specifically	1. Longer processing time	Rana et al. (2017), Kim et al. (2018)
		2. Less damage to other bioactive components	2. Immune response caused by residual enzyme reagents