TABLE I. State-of-the-Art Comparison of the Proposed LDC Architectures.
| [15] | [12] | [14] | [13] | [16] | [17] | [18] | [10] | [19] | [20] | [21] | [22] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CMOS Technology (
 m) |
0.18 | 0.35 | 350nm | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 1.5BiCMOS | 0.8 |
| Sensitivity | – | – | 2.2 kHz/
 W/cm2 |
– | – | – | – | 4nA | – | – | – | – |
| Supply voltage(V) | SPAD-11.8 & PD-1.8 | 2.5-5 | 2.4-5.5V | 2.4-5.5V | 3.3 | 3.0 | Analog 3.3/Digital 1.8 | 0.5 V | 2.5 | 3 | 5 | |
| Supply current (mA) | – | 0.5 | 1.6-1.8 | 0.7@25kHz and 1.9@500kHz | 59.5
 A/8
 A |
3.5
 A |
240
 A |
– | – | – | ||
| Sensor type | SPAD & PD | PD | PD | PD | PD | PD | Silicon Wire | PD | PD | PD | ||
| Illuminance range-1x | 0.3-6,300 | 0.0015-300 | – | NR | 30-300 | 15.5-2650 | 0.3-1.4M | – | – | – | – | – |
| Dynamic range(db) | 85 | 126 | 100 | 100 | – | 86 | 106.7 | 58 | 29.8 | 40 | – | – |
| Power consumption mW | 2.3-SPAD, 2.75-PD | 2 | – | – | 29 | 43.3 | 0.486/0.014 | – | 0.6 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 26 |
| Operating temperature | −40~125°C | −25~85 °C | −25~80°C | −40°C-85 °C | Upto to 70°C | – | – | – | – | |||
| Sensor Area/Total Area-mm2 | 0.9 | 0.3/0.85 | 0.9 |
 |
 |
 |
0.0027/1.12 |
 |
0.55 | 0.46 |
 |
– |
| Application | – | Pulse Oximter/SpO2 Sensing | Pulse Oximter/SpO2 Sensing | Pulse Oximter/SpO2 Sensing | Light monitoring | Light monitoring | Physiological monitoring | Heart-Rate Sensor | Biomedical Application | Heartrate IC | Light Sensor | X-Ray |
| Temperature Dependent Dark Cancellation | No | Yes | NO | N/A | No | No | Yes | – | – | – | – | – |