Table 2. Univariate analysis of variables predicting intravenous access success among the participants (N = 511).
| Variables | Univariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV success, n (%) | p-value | |||
| Overall | Yes | No | ||
| Gender | 0.924 | |||
| Male | 300 (58.7) | 230 (76.7) | 70 (23.3) | |
| Female | 211 (41.3) | 161 (76.3) | 50 (23.7) | |
| Age, years* | 0.866 | |||
| Infant (< 1) | 40 (7.9) | 30 (75.0) | 10 (25.0) | |
| Toddler (1–3) | 299 (59.2) | 232 (77.6) | 67 (22.4) | |
| Preschool (3–5) | 100 (19.8) | 76 (76.0) | 24 (24.0) | |
| School (5–12) | 55 (10.9) | 42 (76.4) | 13 (23.6) | |
| Adolescent (12–18) | 11 (2.2) | 7 (63.6) | 4 (36.4) | |
| Available IV access sites | ||||
| 0–1 | 370 (72.4) | 280 (75.7) | 90 (24.3) | - |
| 2–3 | 95 (18.6) | 71 (74.7) | 24 (25.3) | 0.212 |
| > 3 | 46 (9.0) | 40 (87.0) | 6 (13.0) | - |
| History of prematurity | ||||
| Yes | 38 (7.4) | 23 (60.5) | 15 (39.5) | 0.052 |
| No | 215 (42.1) | 166 (77.2) | 49 (22.8) | |
| Unknown | 258 (50.5) | 202 (78.3) | 56 (21.7) | |
| History of neonatal stay | ||||
| Yes | 53 (10.4) | 36 (67.9) | 17 (32.1) | 0.119 |
| No | 458 (89.6) | 355 (77.5) | 103 (22.5) | - |
| Underweight or overweight | ||||
| Yes | 58 (11.4) | 37 (63.8) | 21 (36.2) | 0.015 |
| No | 453 (88.6) | 354 (78.1) | 99 (21.9) | - |
| Dehydration | ||||
| Yes | 63 (12.3) | 45 (71.4) | 18 (28.6) | 0.309 |
| No | 448 (87.7) | 346 (77.2) | 102 (22.8) | - |
| Visibility of veins | ||||
| Yes | 385 (75.3) | 321 (83.4) | 64 (16.6) | < 0.001 |
| No | 126 (24.7) | 70 (55.6) | 56 (44.4) | - |
| Palpability of veins | ||||
| Yes | 373 (73.0) | 312 (83.6) | 61 (16.4) | < 0.001 |
| No | 138 (27.0) | 79 (57.2) | 59 (42.8) | - |
| Scars from previous IV access attempts | ||||
| Yes | 204 (39.9) | 135 (66.2) | 69 (33.8) | < 0.001 |
| No | 307 (60.1) | 256 (83.4) | 51 (16.6) | - |
| Child cooperation | ||||
| Yes | 243 (47.6) | 199 (81.9) | 44 (18.1) | 0.006 |
| No | 268 (52.4) | 192 (71.6) | 76 (28.4) | - |
| Parent cooperation† | ||||
| Yes | 250 (50.2) | 201 (80.4) | 49 (19.6) | 0.024 |
| No | 248 (49.8) | 178 (71.8) | 70 (28.2) | - |
| IV access experience, years‡ | ||||
| ≤ 5 | 86 (17.0) | 69 (80.2) | 17 (19.8) | - |
| 5.1–10 | 171 (33.8) | 126 (73.7) | 45 (26.3) | 0.668 |
| 10.1–15 | 129 (25.5) | 100 (77.5) | 29 (22.5) | - |
| ≥ 15.1 | 120 (23.7) | 93 (77.5) | 27 (22.5) | - |
| Overall nursing experience, years‡ | ||||
| ≤ 5 | 88 (17.4) | 69 (78.4) | 19 (21.6) | - |
| 5.1–10 | 173 (34.2) | 129 (74.6) | 44 (25.4) | 0.857 |
| 10.1–15 | 129 (25.5) | 101 (78.3) | 28 (21.7) | - |
| ≥ 15.1 | 116 (22.9) | 89 (76.7) | 27 (23.3) | - |
IV: intravenous. *Percentages for this variable are calculated out of 505 due to missing data. †Percentages for this variable are calculated out of 498 due to missing data. ‡Percentages for these variables are calculated out of 506 due to missing data.