Table 2.

Multiple linear regression analyses of ASCVD risk

Variables	All			Mild airflow limitationd			Moderate to very severe airflow limitatione
	Estimated	SE	P-value	Estimated	SE	P-value	Estimated	SE	P-value
Age, years	0.78	0.03	< 0.001	0.93	0.04	< 0.001	0.71	0.03	< 0.001
BMI, kg/m2	− 0.01	− 0.23	0.816	0.01	0.25	0.805	− 0.01	− 0.46	0.647
Fat mass index, kg/m2*	0.01	0.08	0.939	0.01	0.27	0.790	− 0.01	− 0.37	0.710
Central obesitya	− 0.01	− 0.43	0.670	0.03	1.08	0.281	− 0.04	− 1.43	0.155
Current smoking	3.19	0.54	< 0.001	4.40	0.80	< 0.001	2.61	0.70	< 0.001
Regular exerciseb	− 0.03	− 1.49	0.136	− 0.02	− 0.49	0.627	− 0.04	− 1.43	0.153
Hypertension	5.29	0.53	< 0.001	6.16	0.77	< 0.001	4.78	0.71	< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus	9.02	0.68	< 0.001	9.83	1.03	< 0.001	7.94	0.89	< 0.001
Hyper-LDL cholesterolemia	0.02	0.71	0.482	2.50	1.20	0.037	− 0.02	− 0.82	0.416
Hypo-HDL cholesterolemia	2.70	0.53	< 0.001	2.65	0.76	0.001	3.25	0.73	< 0.001
FEV1, L	0.01	0.15	0.885	0.01	− 0.01	0.627	0.03	0.83	0.405
Sarcopeniac	3.63	0.77	< 0.001	2.63	1.16	0.025	4.29	1.02	< 0.001

BMI, body mass index; FMI, fat mass index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; SE standard error

*Fat mass index was calculated by dividing each participant’s fat mass (kg) by square of height (m) (kg/m²)

^aCentral obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men

^bRegular exercise was defined as > 20 min per session, at least 3 times per week (n = 702)

^cSarcopenia was defined as sarcopenia index < 0.774

^dFEV₁ ≥ 80% of predicted value

^eFEV₁ < 80% of predicted value