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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2021 May 28;406(8):2643–2655. doi: 10.1007/s00423-021-02201-0

Table 2.

Genes commonly targeted in IPMNs

Gene Chromosome Function ofgene product
BRAF 7q Serine/threonine kinase that functions in MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathway
GNAS 20q Guanine nucleotide-binding protein functions in adenylyl cyclase activation
KLF4 9q A Kruppel family transcription factor with a number of functions, including p53 mediated DNA damage repair
KRAS 12p Member of the small GTPase family
PIK3CA 3q This phosphoinositide-3-kinase participates in cellular signaling by phosphorylating downstream targets
P16/CDKN2A 9p Cell cycle control
RNF43 17q A RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions in Wnt signaling
SMAD4 18q Transforming growth factor—beta signaling
TGFBR2 3p Transforming growth factor—beta signaling
TP53 17p Induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and other changes in response to cellular stresses