Table 3.

Associations^a of the dietary inflammation score (DIS) and the lifestyle inflammation score (LIS) with incident colorectal cancer; the Iowa Women’s Health Study (n = 34,254), 1986 – 2012.

	Inflammation scores
Score variable	Dietaryb				Lifestylec
	Minimally-adjusted modeld		Fully-adjusted modele		Minimally-adjusted modeld		Fully-adjusted modelf
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Continuous	1.02	1.00, 1.04	1.01	0.99–1.03	1.19	1.12–1.26	1.16	1.09–1.24
Quintiles
1	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
2	0.95	0.81, 1.11	0.94	0.80, 1.10	1.20	1.02, 1.40	1.18	1.01, 1.38
3	1.19	1.03, 1.38	1.16	1.00, 1.35	1.28	1.08, 1.50	1.25	1.06, 1.47
4	1.08	0.93, 1.26	1.04	0.89, 1.21	1.30	1.11, 1.51	1.26	1.08, 1.48
5	1.13	0.97, 1.32	1.07	0.91, 1.25	1.54	1.32, 1.80	1.47	1.26, 1.72
P trend	0.04		0.22		<0.01		<0.01

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DIS, dietary inflammation score; HR, hazards ratio; LIS, lifestyle inflammation score.

^aHRs and 95% CIs from Cox proportional hazards models.

^bFor score construction, see text and Table 1; a higher score indicates a more pro-inflammatory diet.

^cIncludes smoking, physical activity, alcohol use, and body mass index; for score construction, see text; a higher score indicates a more pro-inflammatory lifestyle

^dCovariates included age (years; continuous) and total energy intake (kcal/day; continuous).

^eCovariates for DIS model included age (years; continuous), education (< high school, high school, > high school and < college, ≥ college), family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative (yes/no), smoking status (current, past, never smoker), alcohol use (servings/week; continuous), comorbidity score (includes sum of yes/no for diabetes, heart disease, and cirrhosis), hormone replacement therapy use (current, past, never), physical activity (low, medium, high), body mass index (weight [kg]/height [m]²; continuous), and total energy intake (kcal/day; continuous).

^fCovariates for LIS model included age (years; continuous), education (< high school, high school, > high school and < college, ≥ college), family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative (yes/no), comorbidity score (includes sum of yes/no for diabetes, heart disease, or cirrhosis), hormone replacement therapy use (current, past, never use), total energy intake (kcal/day; continuous), former smoker (yes/no), and unweighted dietary inflammation score (DIS).