Table 4.

Joint/Combined Associations^a of the dietary (DIS) and lifestyle (LIS) inflammation scores^b with incident colorectal cancer; the Iowa Women’s Health Study (n = 34,254), 1986 – 2012.

	LIS quintiles
	1			2		3		4		5
	n	HR (95% CI)	n	HR (95% CI)	n	HR (95% CI)	n	HR (95% CI)	n	HR (95% CI)
DIS quintiles
1	1,727	1.00 (ref)	1,459	1.19 (1.01, 1.39)	1,208	1.26 (1.06, 1.48)	1,226	1.27 (1.09, 1.48)	1,230	1.48 (1.26, 1.73)
2	1,460	0.94 (0.80, 1.10)	1,509	1.12 (0.90, 1.39)	1,194	1.18 (0.94, 1.48)	1,383	1.19 (0.96, 1.48)	1,305	1.39 (1.12, 1.73)
3	1,389	1.17 (1.01, 1.36)	1,519	1.39 (1.12, 1.72)	1,155	1.47 (1.18, 1.83)	1,462	1.48 (1.20, 1.83)	1,326	1.73 (1.39, 2.14)
4	1,209	1.05 (0.90, 1.22)	1,485	1.24 (1.00, 1.54)	1,103	1.32 (1.05, 1.65)	1,575	1.33 (1.07, 1.65)	1,479	1.55 (1.25, 1.92)
5	1,013	1.09 (0.93, 1.27)	1,425	1.29 (1.04, 1.60)	1,136	1.36 (1.09, 1.70)	1,708	1.38 (1.11, 1.71)	1,569	1.60 (1.30, 1.98)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DIS, dietary inflammation score; HR, hazards ratio; LIS, lifestyle inflammation score; ref, reference.

^aHRs and 95% CIs from Cox proportional hazards models; covariates included age (years; continuous), education (< high school, high school, > high school and < college, ≥ college), family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative (yes/no), comorbidity score (includes sum of yes/no for diabetes, heart disease, and cirrhosis), hormone replacement therapy use (current, past, never), former smoker (yes/no), and total energy intake (kcal/day; continuous).

^bFor construction of scores, see text and Table 1; a higher score indicates a more pro-inflammatory diet or lifestyle.