Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participantsa
| Dietary group | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| MD (n = 84) | TJD (n = 85) | CD (n = 84) | |
| Male, no. (%) | 71 (84) | 72 (85) | 73 (87) |
| Age, y | 38 ± 8 | 37 ± 9 | 38 ± 9 |
| Education, no. (%) | |||
| 0-12 y | 4 (5) | 8 (9) | 4 (5) |
| ≥13 y | 80 (95) | 77 (91) | 80 (95) |
| Current smoker, no. (%) | 16 (19) | 11 (13) | 20 (24) |
| Alcohol drinker, no. (%) | 67 (80) | 58 (68) | 61 (73) |
| Medications, no. (%) | |||
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 9 (11) | 15 (18) | 11 (13) |
| Physical activity, no. (%)b | |||
| High | 9 (11) | 16 (19) | 14 (21) |
| Moderate | 60 (72) | 47 (56) | 55 (21) |
| Low | 14 (17) | 21 (25) | 15 (21) |
| Dietary intakec | |||
| Energy, male, kcal/d | 1973 ± 410 | 1996 ± 513 | 2003 ± 484 |
| Energy, female, kcal/d | 1893 ± 412 | 1785 ± 276 | 1538 ± 378 |
| Total fat (%) | 33.9 ± 6.4 | 33.0 ± 6.5 | 33.8 ± 7.6 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 49.7 ± 7.2 | 49.7 ± 7.2 | 48.7 ± 8.6 |
| Protein (%) | 16.8 ± 2.2 | 17.3 ± 2.7 | 17.5 ± 2.7 |
| Cholesterol, mg/d | 456 ± 180 | 498 ± 216 | 524 ± 258 |
| Fiber, g/d | 9.0 ± 3.8 | 9.2 ± 3.7 | 8.5 ± 3.0 |
| Anthropometrics and MRId | |||
| Weight, kg | 78.9 ± 12.5 | 79.7 ± 10.9 | 79.5 ± 12.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.6 ± 3.2 | 26.8 ± 3.0 | 26.7 ± 3.0 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129 ± 13.3 | 130 ± 16.6 | 126 ± 12.6 |
| DBP, mmHg | 85.8 ± 10.0 | 85.9 ± 11.6 | 84.1 ± 10.4 |
| Abdominal fat, cm2e | 261 (126) | 273 (102) | 270 (109) |
| VAT, cm2e | 86.7 (53.4) | 95.4 (57.5) | 82.6 (77.6) |
| SAT, cm2e | 172 (90.0) | 187 (96.1) | 176 (74.1) |
| OGTT | |||
| 0-h glucose, mmol/Le | 6.13 (0.81) | 6.03 (0.60) | 5.97 (0.63) |
| AUC glucose, mmol*h/Le | 16.4 (5.52) | 17.0 (4.16) | 17.2 (4.74) |
| Matsuda Index | 13.1 ± 7.0 | 11.7 ± 6.4 | 12.0 ± 6.5 |
| CGMf | |||
| Mean glucose, mmol/Le | 5.90 (0.81) | 5.85 (0.60) | 5.99 (0.80) |
| TBR, %e | 1.49 (3.98) | 1.07 (3.67) | 1.04 (3.79) |
| TAR, %e | 0.21 (1.48) | 0.42 (1.26) | 0.52 (1.67) |
| Nighttime SD, mmol/L | 0.65 ± 0.27 | 0.59 ± 0.25 | 0.61 ± 0.23 |
No significant between-group difference was observed among all characteristics above.
Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; CD, control diet; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MD, Mediterranean diet; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; TAR, time above range (> 10.0 mmol/L); TBR, time below range (< 3.9 mmol/L); TJD, traditional Jiangnan diet; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.
a Data are mean ± standard deviation or n (%) unless otherwise stated.
b Physical activity was calculated based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.
c Dietary intake data were calculated from the 3-day dietary record.
d A total of 183 participants had valid magnetic resonance imaging records at baseline, 54 in Mediterranean group, 65 in traditional Jiangnan group, and 64 in control group.
e Data are medians (interquartile range).
f 200 participants had valid CGM records at baseline, 63 in Mediterranean group, 68 in traditional Jiangnan group, and 69 in control group.