Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline
| M-Diet (n = 19) | FMD (n = 21) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 66.8 ± 1.4 | 64.9 ± 1.6 |
| Sex, females/males | 5/14 | 6/15 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 30.2 ± 1.0 | 30.9 ± 0.9 |
| WHR | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 1.03 ± 0.02 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 14.7 ± 2.0 |
| Diabetes complication | ||
| Nephropathy | 19 (100) | 21 (100) |
| Neuropathy | 12 (63) | 10 (48) |
| Retinopathy | 5 (26) | 3 (14) |
| History of: | ||
| Hypertension | 16 (84) | 20 (95) |
| Coronary heart disease | 8 (42) | 7 (33) |
| Myocardial infarction | 5 (26) | 2 (10) |
| OSAS | 1 (5) | 3 (14) |
| Arthrosis | 9 (47) | 10 (47) |
| Thyroid nodules | 7 (37) | 2 (10) |
| Thyroidectomy | 0 | 3 (14) |
| Diabetes therapy | ||
| Dietary measurements | 2 (11) | 1 (5) |
| Metformin | 15 (79) | 16 (76) |
| DPP-4 | 4 (21) | 6 (29) |
| SGLT-2 | 2 (11) | 5 (24) |
| GLP-1 agonist | 3 (16) | 0 |
| Sulfonylureas | 2 (11) | 1 (5) |
| Glinide | 0 (0) | 1 (5) |
| Short-acting insulin | 4 (21) | 4 (19) |
| Long-acting insulin | 7 (37) | 7 (33) |
| Other medication | ||
| RAAS-inhibitors | 17 (89) | 19 (90) |
| Beta-blockers | 11 (58) | 12 (57) |
| Thiazide diuretics | 5 (26) | 7 (33) |
| Loop diuretics | 4 (21) | 7 (33) |
| Calcium-antagonist | 10 (53) | 11 (52) |
| Statin | 13 (68) | 11 (52) |
| Ezetimibe | 1 (5) | 2 (10) |
| Acetyl-salicylic acid | 11 (58) | 8 (38) |
| Glycemic control | ||
| HbA1c, % | 7.7 ± 0.3 | 8.1 ± 0.4 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 158.4 ± 10.6 | 162.1 ± 9.7 |
| Blood pressure | ||
| Systolic, mmHg | 142.0 ± 3.8 | 142.9 ± 3.1 |
| Diastolic, mmHg | 81.8 ± 1.7 | 85.3 ± 1.8 |
| Renal function | ||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 0.88 ± 0.06 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 1.10 ± 0.09 |
| eGFR CKD-EPI creatinine, mL/min*1.73 m² | 86.97 ± 4.32 | 84.59 ± 4.27 |
| eGFR from cystatin C, mL/min*1.73m² | 84.56 ± 4.52 | 79.47 ± 4.63 |
| Albumin-to-creatinine ratio | ||
| All | 73.4 (205.6) | 51.3 (116.0) |
| Microalbuminuria, mg/g, n | 44.8 (49.2) (15) | 43.7 (39.6) (18) |
| Macroalbuminuria, mg/g, n | 359.3 (1888.5) (4) | 555.2 (593.2) (3) |
| Liver transaminases | ||
| ALT, U/L | 31.3 ± 2.8 | 30.7 ± 3.1 |
| AST, U/L | 27.5 ± 1.7 | 27.5 ± 3.3 |
| Serum lipids | ||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 165 (101) | 163 (171) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 174.8 ± 10.4 | 184.6 ± 18.3 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 43.0 ± 2.5 | 44.3 ± 2.8 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 94.3 ± 8.9 | 87.8 ± 8.5 |
Data represents mean ± SE of the mean for normally distributed variables, median (interquartile range) for log-normally distributed variables, or frequencies n (%) for categorical variables.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FMD, fasting-mimicking diet; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; M-Diet, Mediterranean diet; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; WHR, waist-hip ratio,