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Effect of E2 suppression with or without sleep fragmentation on calorimetry outcomes. Mean ± SEM of A) respiratory exchange ratio (RER), B) resting energy expenditure (REE), C) carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rate, and D) fat oxidation rate following unfragmented (“unfrag”, in solid fill) and fragmented (“frag”, in hatched fill) sleep in an estrogenized (black) and hypo-estrogenized (gray) state. Significance is denoted by * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.
