Figure 1.

Single-chemical associations from unweighted^a multivariable^b linear regression models of individual serum PFAS and urinary phthalate biomarkers with total body less head aBMD Z-scores in 12- to 19-year-old males (A) and females (B), 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (males, N = 453; females, N = 395). ^aModels do not account for the complex sample design, and therefore results cannot be considered generalizable to the US population. ^bAdjusted for age, race/ethnicity, moderate/vigorous physical activity, indoor smoking by a household member, recent sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, recent total dairy consumption, NHANES weights, and NHANES cycle. Models for phthalates were additionally adjusted for urinary creatinine. Abbreviations: aBMD, areal bone mineral density; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; MBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate; MBzP, mono-benzyl phthalate; MCNP, mono(carboxynonyl) phthalate; MCOP, mono(carboxyoctyl) phthalate; MCPP, mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate; MEP, mono-ethyl phthalate; MIBP, mono-isobutyl phthalate; PFDA, perfluorodecanoate; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate.