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Illustrative examples of the four response pathways of forest reorganization from around the globe. (A) Resilience (Dürrenstein Wilderness Area, Austria; photos by Rupert Seidl). (B) Restructuring (Bohemian Forest Ecosystem, Germany/Czechia; photos by R.S.). (C) Reassembly (black spruce forests of boreal North America; photos by Jill F. Johnstone). (D) Replacement (southern beech forests of New Zealand; photos by Monica G. Turner). See text for details.
