Table 2. Association of HBA copy number with prevalent hypertension, resistant hypertension, or anti-hypertensive use–fully adjusted analyses.
| Prevalent hypertension* | Resistant hypertension† | Number of anti-hypertensive medications‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 9,684) Modified Poisson | (n = 9,684) Modified Poisson | (n = 9,684) Zero-inflated Poisson | ||||
| PR | CI | PR | CI | CI | ||
| HBA copy number | 1.00 | (0.98,1.02) | 0.95 | (0.86, 1.05) | 0.98 | (0.95, 1.01) |
| Age, per year | 1.01 | (1.01, 1.01) | 1.02 | (1.01, 1.03) | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.01) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female (ref) § | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.03) | 1.37 | (1.18, 1.58) | 1.10 | (1.05, 1.15) |
| Body mass index || | 1.10 | (1.09, 1.11) | 1.33 | (1.26, 1.40) | 1.09 | (1.07, 1.12) |
| Region | ||||||
| Non-Belt (ref) | ||||||
| Belt | 1.05 | (1.02, 1.07) | 1.03 | (0.91, 1.17) | 1.03 | (0.99, 1.08) |
| Buckle | 1.02 | (0.99, 1.05) | 1.05 | (0.90, 1.22) | 1.03 | (0.98, 1.09) |
| Medically insured | ||||||
| No (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.07 | (1.02, 1.12) | 1.12 | (0.90, 1.40) | 1.06 | (0.98, 1.14) |
| Education level | ||||||
| < HS Grad (ref) | ||||||
| HS Grad | 1.00 | (0.97, 1.02) | 1.08 | (0.92, 1.25) | 1.02 | (0.97, 1.08) |
| Some College | 0.98 | (0.95, 1.01) | 0.81 | (0.68, 0.96) | 1.01 | (0.95, 1.07) |
| ≥ College Grad | 0.95 | (0.92, 0.98) | 0.90 | (0.75, 1.08) | 0.99 | (0.93, 1.05) |
| Income | ||||||
| < $20K (ref) | ||||||
| $20K–$34K | 0.99 | (0.96, 1.01) | 0.95 | (0.82, 1.10) | 0.98 | (0.93, 1.03) |
| $35K–$74K | 0.96 | (0.93, 0.99) | 0.95 | (0.80, 1.14) | 0.99 | (0.93, 1.05) |
| ≥ $75K | 0.94 | (0.90, 1.00) | 0.77 | (0.58,1.02) | 0.93 | (0.85, 1.02) |
| Hemoglobin, per 1 g/dL | 0.99 | (0.98, 1.00) | 0.96 | (0.91, 1.01) | 0.98 | (0.96, 0.99) |
| Chronic Kidney disease | ||||||
| No (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.14 | (1.10, 1.16) | 1.97 | (1.74, 2.23) | 1.20 | (1.15, 1.25) |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| No (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.16 | (1.14, 1.18) | 1.64 | (1.45, 1.85) | 1.18 | (1.13, 1.23) |
| Total Cholesterol || | 0.97 | (0.96, 0.98) | 0.84 | (0.78, 0.89) | 0.93 | (0.91, 0.95) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never (ref) | ||||||
| Past | 1.04 | (1.02, 1.06) | 1.08 | (0.95, 1.22) | 1.04 | (1.00, 1.09) |
| Present | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.08) | 0.93 | (0.77, 1.12) | 0.98 | (0.92, 1.04) |
HBA = alpha globin gene; PR = estimated prevalence ratio; CI = confidence interval; = zero-inflated Poisson regression; SE = standard error; K = thousand; HS = high school.
*Prevalent hypertension was defined as having one or more of the following: 1) systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg; 2) self-reported use of medication to control blood pressure; or 3) two or more antihypertensive medications found on in-home pill bottle review.
†Resistant hypertension was defined as taking medications from 4 antihypertensive medication classes or having systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg while taking 3 or more antihypertensive medication classes.
‡The number of antihypertensives being taken at baseline was determined by pill bottle review during the in-home baseline study visit.
§(ref) indicates reference category used for categorized explanatory variables.
||Body mass index and total cholesterol were scaled by standard deviation. Multiple imputations were performed for missing data.