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. 2022 Jul 14;20(7):e3001713. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001713

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© 2022 Bai et al

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig 1 — Simulation results based on the time-based binding hypothesis. (a) and (b) The model representation of phrases and sentences, in which the P (Proposition units), RB (Role-filler units), PO (Propositional Object units), and S (syllables units) represent the different types of node in DORA. P(DP) represents the top-level unit is a DP and P(s) represents the highest-level unit is a sentence. (c) Simulation results on power, in which the red dotted line and blue solid line represent the frequency response of the sentences and the phrases, respectively. The shading area covers 2 SEM centered on the mean. (d) Statistical comparison on the frequency combined power using paired sample t test suggested that the power for the sentences was significantly higher than the phrases (t (99) = 8.40, p < 3.25e-13, ***). (e) Results of power coupling between PO units and S units, where the red and blue squares show the frequency separated coupling level for the sentences and the phrases, respectively. (f) Statistical comparison on the level of power coupling using paired sample t test suggested that the power coupling level for the sentences was significantly higher than the phrases (t (99) = 251.02, p < 1e-31, ***). (g) Results of phase coherence, in which the red-dotted line and blue-solid line shows the phase coherence of the sentences and the phrases, respectively. The shading area represents 2 SEM centered on the mean. (h) Statistical comparison of the phase coherence was conducted using paired sample t test on the frequency averaged response. The comparison indicates that the phase coherence of the sentences was significantly higher than that of the phrases (t (99) = 10.24, p < 1e-20, ***). (i) Phase coupling between PO units and S units, the red and blue circles show the level of phase synchronization of the sentences and the phrases, respectively. (j). Statistical comparison on the level of phase coupling between the phrases and the sentences using paired sample t test suggested that the phase coupling level for the sentences was significantly higher than the phrases (t (99) = 296.03, p < 1e-39, ***). DP, determiner phase.