Table 2.
List of human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance mutations in India
| Study name | Study period | Study region | Significant findings of the study | Type of mutations observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chauhan et al.[23] | September 2014 to June 2016 | North-Western India | Study population: 37 (ART individuals) 22.2% drug resistance observed among FSW and 14.3% was observed among MSM |
K219R, L74V, K219N, and Y181C |
| Thirunavukarasu et al.[24] | March 2010 to March 2014 | South India (Salem, Tamil Nadu) | Study population: 213 (VF patients: 23) NRTI associated mutations: 87% (20/23) NNRTI associated mutations: 91% (21/23) |
I135R/T/V/X, L178 I/M, M184V/I, D67N, K70R, and K103N |
| Ambike et al.[25] | January 2014 to August 2014 | Maharashtra | Study population: 213 (treatment naïve individuals) Mutations associated. with RT and PI were observed in 9.37% (3 of 32) |
M184V, V111I, K65R and Q151M1 |
| Nesakumar et al.[26] | April 2011 to September 2012 | Chennai | Study population: 213 (treatment naïve individuals) TDR was found to be 11.3% (6/53) and NNRTI associated mutations in 8.3% (4/53) |
K101E, Y188C/Y, K103N, |
| Azam et al.[27] | 2010 and 2011 | Aligarh | Study population: 54 (treatment naïve individuals). All patients had at least two secondary mutations that are associated with resistance to PIs |
H69K, I93L, I15V, L19I, M36I, R41K, L63P, and L89M |
| Lakhikumar Sharma et al.[28] | Not stated | Manipur | Study population: 37 (ART individuals).37%, 29% and 7% individuals harbour DRM at the target sites of NNRTI, NRTI and PI respectively | M184V, T215Y, M41L and V108I, H221Y, M46I and I47V |
| Kannangai et al.[29] | 2009 and 2012 | South India | Study population: 127 (treatment naïve individuals) 2.4% people have TDRMs, NNRTI PI and NRTI associated mutations were not found |
K101E, Y181C and G190A |
| Dinesha et al.[30] | Not stated | South India | Study population: 167 (ART individuals) 90.4% (151/167) people had DRMs. NRTI, NNRTI, and dual mutations (NRTI and NNRTI) were seen in 123 (73.7%), 147 (88%), and 119 individuals (71.3%) respectively |
M184IV, K65R, K103NS, V106AM and Y181CIV |
| Azam et al.[31] | 2010 to 2012 | Aligarh | Study population: 103 (ART individuals) 28% (29/103) people have DRM. Out of this 14 (13.6%) mutations at NRTI and 15 (14.6%) mutations at NNRTI |
K219R, E44D, A98G, K103R, V106M, V108I, E138A, Y181C, G190A and T215Y |
| Azam et al.[32] | 2010 to 2012 | Aligarh | Study population: 102 (59-ART and 43-treatment naïve individuals) DRM was observed in 64% (66/102) of the individuals |
D30 N, M46I, G16E, K20R, M36I, D60E, I62V, L63P, I64M, H69K, T74A/S, V77I, V82I, I85V, L89M, I93L, M36I/L/V, H69K, and L89M |
| Rajesh et al.[33] | July 2007 and March 2008 | Madurai | Study population: 26 (ART, pregnant women) NNRTI were observed in 33% (12/26) of the individuals |
Y181C, K103N and Y188C. |
| Saravanan et al.[34] | 2008 and 2009 | Chennai | Study population: 107 (ART individuals) | M46I, I54 V/A, V82A, L90M, K103N, Y181C, and G190A |
| Karade et al.[35] | January 2014 and April 2015 | Pune | Study population: 52 (treatment naïve individuals) 3.8% (2/52) have NNRTI associated mutations |
V106M, K103N |
| Sharma et al.[36] | August 2016 and September 2017 | Manipur | Study population: 44 (14-treatment naïve, 30 ART individuals) 35.7% (5/14) had NRTIs, NNRTIs, and PIs associated mutations. 50% (15/30) had NRTIs, NNRTIs and/or PIs |
M184V, M184I, M41L, D67N, T69D, K70G/R, Y115F, T215N and K219R/Q, A98G, K103N, V179D/E, Y181C, G190A/R, K101E, V106A/M, V108I, Y181F, H221Y and M230I |
| Sinha et al.[37] | April 2006 to August 2008 | New Delhi | Study population: 68 (treatment naïve individuals) 2.9 (2/68) had NRTIs associated mutation observed. No NNRTIs associated mutation were observed. Minor PIs mutation also observed |
M184V, K20R, M36I, and H69K |
| Choudhury et al.[38] | Not Stated | New Delhi | Study population: 44 (17-ART and 27-treatment naïve individuals) Naïve individuals: 25.9 and 85.18% of NRTI and NNRTI associated mutations were found ART individuals: NRTI and NNRTI mutations were observed in 78.7 and 80.6% respectively |
I135T, I135M, E138A, R211K, M184V |
| Sen et al.[39] | June 2004 to December 2005 | Pune | Study population: 44 (50-ART and 25-treatment naïve individuals) No DRM was observed in the Treatment naïve individuals At least one RT mutations were observed in more than 80% (29/44) of ART individuals |
T39A, E203D/K, H208Y, D218E, K122E, M184V, K103N/S and Y181C |
| Gupta et al.[40] | January 2005-April 2005 | Mumbai | Study population: 51 (ART individuals) 96.1% people had resistance to at least one drug used. In that, 92.2% (47/51) had NRTI resistance, 62.7% (32/51) had NNRTI resistance, and 7.8% (4/51) had PI resistance |
M184V, M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, V75I, M46I, G48V, I54V, G73S, V82A/F, I84V, L90M, A98G, K101E/P, K103N/S, V106M, V108I, Y181C/I, Y188L, G190A/S/E, F227L, M230L |
| Karade et al.[41] | June and August 2014 | Pune | Study population: 80 (ART individuals) 79.75% (63/80) of individuals had at last one type of RT associated mutations The prevalence of DRMs were 58.75%, 78.75%, and 1.25% for NRTIs, NNRTIs, and protease inhibitors (PIs), respectively |
M184V/I, K103N, L89M, V77I, L63P, H69K/R/Q, M36I, K20I/M/R/T, G16E, K65R and L10V/I |
| Ekstrand et al.[42] | Not stated | Bangalore | Study population: 92 (ART individuals) 86% individuals had at least one RT mutations. NRTI resistance mutations and NNRTI resistance mutations were observed in 68% and 72% individuals respectively |
M184V/MV/I/IM, E44D/DE/A/K, L74V, V75M, V118I, T69D/DN, Y181C/CY/I/V, K103N/KN/R, K101E/EK/Q/KQ, G190A/AG, V108I, V106M/MV |
| Thorat et al.[43] | August 2007 and February 2009 | Kakinada | Study population: 47 (ART women individuals) No NRTI and PI associated mutations were found. Only one patient had NNRTI associated mutation |
K101E |
| Neogi et al.[44] | November 2009 and February 2010 | Bangalore | Study population: 21 (ART individuals) Only 9.56% (2/21) individuals had NNRTI associated mutations |
E138A and L210LS |
| Lall et al.[45] | Not stated | Pune | Study population: 40 (treatment naïve individuals) 10% (4/40) of the individuals had RT associated mutations |
V82A, M41L, D67N, M184V, and A98G |
NRTIs: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI: Non-NRTI; PI: Protease inhibitor; TDRM: Transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; DRM: Drug resistance mutations, RT: Reverse transcriptase, FSW: Female Sex Workers, MSM: Man who Sex with Man.