FIGURE 5.

NR+Caff alters bioenergetic substrate metabolism in NPCs, astrocytes, and fibroblasts. Heatmaps of data from biolog experiments on control (n = 9) and LOAD (n = 9) NPCs or astrocytes, human secondary astrocytes (HA), and YC (n = 7, average age 30), OC (n = 9, average age 71), and LOAD (n = 7, average age 73) fibroblasts for kinetic measurements. Cells were supplemented with NR+Caff and OD 590 was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h during culture. Data are plotted as percent change treated versus untreated cells (the measurement at 24 h is additionally plotted at the far right summarizing all samples at the same percent scale). Metabolites are clustered according to their processing in bioenergetic pathways as explained in the text and published elsewhere (Ryu, Bormann, et al., 2021; Ryu, Cohen, et al., 2021). Red indicates percent decrease and blue percent increase