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. 2022 Mar 28;24(6):1015–1024. doi: 10.1093/europace/euac026

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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(A) Representative pictures of immunostaining for Cx43 for aAF, pAF, and persAF. In aAF, Cx43 is mainly localized at the longitudinal junction between myocytes. In persAF, distribution of Cx43 is more lateralized than in aAF. (B) Amount of polar Cx43, lateral Cx43, and Cx43 ratio in right atrial appendages. (C) Correlation between the Cx43 ratio and AF complexity. AF, atrial fibrillation; aAF, acutely induced AF; Cx43, connexin 43; pAF, paroxysmal AF; persAF, longstanding persistent AF.