Table 3.
Adjusteda within-arm and between-arm differences for primary and secondary outcomes from logistic and mixed effects regression analyses.
| Control group (N = 49) | Treatment group (N = 49) | Treatment effect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome (dichotomous) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Brief Pain Inventory-Interference, number of responders (N (%))b | 8/39 (20.5%) | 11/31 (35.5%) | 1.96 (0.60, 6.41) p = 0.2633 |
|
| |||
| Secondary outcomes (continuous) | Mean∗ (95% CI) | Mean∗ (95% CI) | Between-arm difference |
| Mean (95% CI), p value | |||
| Brief Pain Inventory-Interference | |||
| T2 (randomization) | 4.45 (3.76, 5.14) | 4.76 (4.02, 5.51 | |
| T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks) | −0.11 (−0.64, 0.42) | −0.59 (−1.19, 0.01) | |
| T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months) | −0.37 (−0.91, 0.17) | −0.33 (−0.96, 0.30) | 0.04 (−0.79, 0.86); p = 0.9312 |
|
| |||
| Profile of Mood States | |||
| T2 (randomization) | 63.61 (54.27, 72.95) | 67.99 (59.86, 76.12) | |
| T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks) | 2.12 (−7.82, 12.05) | −5.12 (−10.25, 0.02) | |
| T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months) | −0.92 (−10.86, 9.01) | −1.62 (−6.75, 3.52) | −0.69 (−11.84, 10.45) |
| p = 0.9023 | |||
|
| |||
| Patient Global Impression of Change | |||
| T2 (randomization) | 4.06 (3.54, 4.58) | 4.19 (3.60, 4.79) | |
| T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks) | −0.01 (−0.48, 0.47) | 0.72 (0.13, 1.31) | |
| T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months) | 0.02 (−0.46, 0.50) | 0.62 (0.03, 1.21) | 0.60 (−0.14, 1.34) |
| p = 0.1068 | |||
|
| |||
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 | |||
| T2 (randomization) | 9.48 (7.21, 11.76) | 10.29 (7.53, 13.04) | |
| T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks) | −0.38 (−1.74, 0.98) | −1.79 (−3.50, −0.07) | |
| T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months) | −1.53 (−2.88, −0.18) | −1.11 (−2.82, 0.61) | 0.42 (−1.74, 2.58) |
| p = 0.6992 | |||
|
| |||
| Short-Form-12 Health Survey-physical health T-score | |||
| T2 (randomization) | 36.45 (31.56, 41.33) | 33.68 (27.78, 39.59) | |
| T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks) | −0.35 (−2.93, 2.23) | 2.34 (−1.13, 5.81) | |
| T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months) | −0.82 (−3.40, 1.75) | 1.82 (−1.62, 5.26) | 2.65 (−1.53, 6.82) |
| p = 0.2067 | |||
|
| |||
| Short-Form-12 Health Survey-mental health T-score | |||
| T2 (randomization) | 46.46 (41.41, 51.52) | 45.22 (39.49, 50.96) | |
| T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks) | −0.50 (−3.91, 2.91) | 3.18 (−0.88, 7.23) | |
| T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months) | 1.21 (−2.19, 4.62) | 2.44 (−1.52, 6.39) | 1.22 (−3.94, 6.39) |
| p = 0.6398 | |||
|
| |||
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale | |||
| T2 (randomization) | 21.86 (18.19, 25.53) | 22.39 (18.44, 26.33) | |
| T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks) | −1.08 (−3.76, 1.61) | −4.12 (−6.94, −1.30) | |
| T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months) | −4.09 (−6.85, −1.33) | −2.84 (−5.72, 0.05) | 1.26 (−2.65, 5.17) |
| p = 0.5231 | |||
|
| |||
| Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire | |||
| T2 (randomization) | 127.31 (119.35, 135.27) | 122.6 (114.65, 130.55) | |
| T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks) | −1.10 (−4.31, 2.12) | 7.68 (2.25, 13.12) | |
| T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months) | 1.24 (−2.07, 4.54) | 7.02 (1.38, 12.66) | 5.78 (−0.72, 12.28) |
| p = 0.0806 | |||
|
| |||
| Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory | |||
| T2 (randomization) | 0.444 (0.392, 0.496) | 0.458 (0.402, 0.514) | |
| T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks) | −0.015 (−0.064, 0.035) | −0.049 (−0.093, −0.004) | |
| T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months) | −0.039 (−0.092, 0.013) | −0.046 (−0.093, −0.00005) | −0.007 (−0.076, 0.062) |
| p = 0.8379 | |||
T2: after randomization; T3: 2 weeks post-MBSR (and equivalent time point for waitlist control group); T4: 3 months post-MBSR (and equivalent time point for waitlist control group); aAnalyses were adjusted for stratification factor, pre-BPI pain, and time since entering pain clinic. bN = 10 and N = 18 participants in the control and intervention arms had missing values and could not be classified for the responder analysis. ∗An increase in score indicates a benefit for the SF-12, FFMQ variables, and the PGIC score, while a decrease in score indicates a benefit for all other measures (BPI, PHQ-9, POMS, PCS, and NPSI).