Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of Dutch and Swedish patients who underwent elective MIS for T1-3 colorectal cancer during 2012–2018
| Colon cancer (N = 37,687) | Rectal cancer (N = 17,227) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (N = 31,853) | Sweden (N = 5834) | Netherlands (N = 14,242) | Sweden (N = 2985) | |
| Preoperative characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| < 60 | 4622 (14.5) | 768 (13.2) | 3120 (21.9) | 566 (19.0) |
| 60–70 | 10,102 (31.7) | 1436 (24.6) | 4900 (34.4) | 906 (30.4) |
| 70–80 | 11,696 (36.7) | 2075 (35.6) | 4534 (31.8) | 1097 (36.8) |
| ≥ 80 | 5428 (17.0) | 1555 (16.7) | 1658 (11.8) | 416 (13.9) |
| Missing | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 17,291 (54.3) | 2839 (48.7) | 9145 (64.2) | 1730 (58.0) |
| Female | 14,554 (45.7) | 2995 (51.3) | 5094 (35.8) | 1255 (42.0) |
| Missing | 8 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| < 30 | 24,933 (79.5) | 5409 (92.5) | 11,539 (82.6) | 2794 (93.6) |
| ≥ 30 | 6429 (20.5) | 425 (7.5) | 2432 (16.3) | 191 (6.4) |
| Missing | 20 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| ASA score | ||||
| I-II | 24,380 (76.5) | 3967 (68.0) | 11,819 (83.0) | 2305 (77.2) |
| III + | 7468 (23.4) | 1780 (30.5) | 2421 (17.0) | 638 (21.4) |
| Missing | 5 | 87 | 2 | 42 |
| Tumour characteristics | ||||
| cT stage | ||||
| cT1-2 | 5418 (17.0) | 1935 (33.2) | 4507 (31.6) | 1091 (36.5) |
| cT3 | 6922 (21.7) | 2563 (43.9) | 9158 (64.3) | 1812 (60.7) |
| cTx | 19,513 (61.3) | 1336 (22.9) | 577 (4.1) | 82 (2.8) |
| cN stage | ||||
| cN0 | 12,172 (38.2) | 3527 (60.5) | 6666 (46.8) | 1411 (47.3) |
| cN1-2 | 4228 (13.3) | 1793 (30.7) | 7104 (49.9) | 1512 (50.7) |
| cNx | 15,453 (48.5) | 514 (8.8) | 472 (3.3) | 62 (2.1) |
| Location | ||||
| Ascending colon | 13,511 (42.4) | 3067 (52.6) | – | – |
| Transverse colon | 2892 (9.1) | 200 (3.4) | – | – |
| Descending colon | 1919 (6.0) | 180 (3.1) | – | – |
| Sigmoid | 13,531 (42.5) | – | – | – |
| Missing | 9 | – | – | – |
| Distance from anal verge | ||||
| ≤ 5 cm | – | – | 4805 (33.7) | 786 (26.3) |
| 6–10 cm | – | – | 5253 (36.9) | 1264 (42.3) |
| > 10 cm | – | – | – | 917 (30.7) |
| Missing | – | – | – | 73 |
| Preoperative work-up | ||||
| Preoperative MDT* | ||||
| No | 1302 (4.8) | 223 (3.8) | 70 (0.6) | 12 (0.4) |
| Yes | 25,423 (94.6) | 5585 (95.7) | 11,962 (98.8) | 2972 (99.6) |
| Missing | 149 | 26 | 77 | 1 |
| Neoadjuvant radiotherapy | ||||
| No | – | – | 5699 (40.0) | 1379 (46.2) |
| SCRT | – | – | 4457 (31.3) | 1316 (44.1) |
| CRT | – | – | 3902 (27.4) | 217 (7.3) |
| Other RTx scheme | – | – | 177 (1.2) | 73 (2.4) |
| Missing | – | – | 7 | 0 |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | ||||
| No | 30,967 (97.2) | 5787 (99.2) | – | – |
| Yes | 249 (0.8) | 47 (0.8) | – | – |
| Missing | 637 | 0 | – | – |
| Surgical characteristics | ||||
| Year of surgery | ||||
| 2012–2015 | 16,218 (50.9) | 2275 (39.0) | 7385 (51.9) | 1097 (46.8) |
| 2016–2018 | 15,635 (49.1) | 3559 (61.0) | 6857 (48.1) | 1888 (63.2) |
| Hospital volume | ||||
| Low | 2385 (7.5) | 2857 (44.3) | 587 (4.1) | 350 (11.7) |
| Low-intermediate | 7028 (22.1) | 2284 (39.1) | 3080 (21.6) | 1418 (47.5) |
| Intermediate-high | 8290 (26.0) | 867 (14.9) | 6864 (48.2) | 985 (33.0) |
| High | 14,150 (44.4) | 96 (1.6) | 3711 (26.1) | 232 (7.8) |
| Approach | ||||
| Laparoscopic | 31,590 (99.2) | 5175 (88.8) | 13,830 (97.1) | 1492 (50.0) |
| Robot-assisted | 263 (0.8) | 659 (11.3) | 412 (2.9) | 1493 (50.0) |
| MIS Converted | 3327 (10.4) | 1018 (17.4) | 1198 (8.4) | 432 (14.5) |
| Procedure | ||||
| Ileocecal resection | 166 (0.5) | 12 (0.2) | – | – |
| Right hemicolectomy | 14,130 (44.4) | 3119 (53.5) | – | – |
| Transversectomy | 529 (1.7) | 22 (0.4) | – | – |
| Left hemicolectomy | 3495 (11.0) | 350 (6.0) | – | – |
| (Sub)total colectomy | 332 (1.0) | 73 (1.3) | – | – |
| Sigmoid/anterior resection | 12,355 (38.8) | 2191 (37.6) | 9177 (64.4) | 1682 (56.3) |
| Hartmann | 801 (2.5) | 67 (1.1) | 1852 (13.0) | 221 (7.4) |
| Abdominoperineal excision | – | – | 3165 (22.2) | 1082 (36.2) |
| Other | 45 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 48 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Multivisceral resection | ||||
| No | 30,081 (94.4) | 5615 (96.2) | 13,721 (96.3) | 2856 (95.7) |
| Yes | 1255 (3.9) | 219 (3.8) | 297 (2.1) | 129 (4.3) |
| Missing | 517 | 0 | 224 | 0 |
| Stoma** | ||||
| No | 30,104 (94.5) | 5505 (94.4) | 4767 (42.4) | 409 (21.4) |
| Diverting-stoma | 542 (1.7) | 129 (2.2) | 4499 (40.1) | 1237 (64.9) |
| End-stoma | 1157 (3.6) | 182 (3.1) | 1952 (17.4) | 258 (13.5) |
| Missing | 517 | 18 | 15 | 3 |
| Tumour characteristics | ||||
| (y)pT stage | ||||
| (y)pT0-1 | 4446 (14.0) | 654 (11.2) | 2712 (19.0) | 436 (14.6) |
| (y)pT2 | 6941 (21.8) | 1204 (20.6) | 4773 (33.5) | 1015 (34.0) |
| (y)pT3 | 17,242 (54.1) | 3221 (55.2) | 6348 (44.6) | 1409 (47.2) |
| (y)pT4 | 2926 (9.2) | 709 (12.2) | 287 (2.0) | 88 (2.9) |
| (y)pTx | 298 (0.9) | 46 (0.8) | 122 (0.9) | 37 (1.2) |
| (y)pN stage | ||||
| (y)pN0 | 20,373 (64.0) | 3727 (63.9) | 9410 (66.1) | 1092 (63.7) |
| (y)pN1 | 7466 (23.4) | 1433 (24.6) | 3354 (23.6) | 152 (5.1) |
| (y)pN2 | 3706 (11.6) | 590 (12.2) | 1364 (9.6) | 275 (9.2) |
| (y)pNx | 308 (1.0) | 84 (1.4) | 114 (0.8) | 41 (1.4) |
| M stage | ||||
| M- | 29,947 (94.0) | 5545 (95.1) | 13,489 (94.7) | 2833 (94.9) |
| M1 | 1906 (6.0) | 287 (4.9) | 753 (5.3) | 152 (5.1) |
| Postoperative outcomes | ||||
| Number of lymph nodes | ||||
| < 12 | 2262 (7.1) | 383 (6.6) | 2016 (14.2) | 334 (11.2) |
| ≥ 12 | 29,497 (92.6) | 5356 (91.8) | 12,203 (85.7) | 2601 (87.1) |
| Missing | 94 | 95 | 23 | 50 |
| Positive lymph nodes | ||||
| No | 20,559 (64.5) | 3862 (66.2) | 9525 (66.9) | 2008 (67.3) |
| Yes | 11,011 (34.6) | 1860 (31.9) | 4620 (32.4) | 916 (30.7) |
| Missing | 283 | 112 | 97 | 61 |
| Resection margin | ||||
| Complete | 31,374 (98.5) | 5599 (96.0) | 13,620 (95.6) | 2781 (93.2) |
| Incomplete | 239 (0.8) | 97 (1.7) | 602 (4.2) | 204 (6.8) |
| Missing | 240 | 138 | 20 | 0 |
| Complication | ||||
| No | 24,417 (76.7) | 4677 (80.2) | 9475 (66.5) | 1870 (62.6) |
| Non-surgical | 2705 (8.5) | 458 (7.9) | 344 (11.3) | 341 (11.4) |
| Surgical | 2922 (9.2) | 535 (9.2) | 2033 (14.3) | 616 (20.6) |
| Non-surgical & surgical | 1809 (5.7) | 146 (2.5) | 1233 (8.6) | 144 (4.8) |
| Missing | 0 | 18 (0.3) | 0 | 14 |
| Reoperation | ||||
| No | 29,642 (93.1) | 5453 (93.5) | 12,945 (90.9) | 2718 (91.1) |
| Yes | 2132 (6.7) | 359 (6.2) | 1262 (8.9) | 256 (8.6) |
| Missing | 79 | 22 | 35 | 11 |
| Readmission | ||||
| No | 29,242 (91.8) | 5453 (93.5) | 12,047 (84.6) | 2612 (86.0) |
| Yes | 1977 (6.2) | 359 (6.2) | 1899 (13.3) | 409 (13.5) |
| Missing | 634 | 22 | 296 | 16 |
| Mortality*** | ||||
| No | 31,432 (98.7) | 5750 (98.6) | 14,090 (98.9) | 2954 (99.0) |
| Yes | 419 (1.3) | 57 (1.0) | 151 (1.1) | 15 (0.5) |
| Missing | 2 | 27 | 1 | 16 |
Missing values of less than 10% are only reported as numbers in this table
*Preoperative MDT was registered for 2012–2017 in the Netherlands (N = 26,87 for colon cancer and N = 12,109 for rectal cancer) and therefore analysed for this period
**Rectal cancer patients that underwent an APE were excluded from the analyses of stoma rate [N = 3009 (NL) and N = 1907 (SE)]
***Swedish patients labelled as missing for mortality, represent patient who are lost to follow-up due to official emigration from Sweden